Promising Electrode Surfaces, Modified with Nanoparticles, in the Sensitive and Selective Electroanalytical Determination of Antibiotics: A Review

Abstract

This review highlights the importance of monitoring the levels of antibiotics in different matrices and the need for sensitive and selective detection methods of antibiotic residues in various samples. Additionally, this article discusses the use of modified electrodes, specifically those modified with nanoparticles, for the detection of antibiotics using electroanalytical techniques. These modified electrodes have been found to have advantages over unmodified electrodes, such as enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and stability. Nanoparticles such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles, and metal oxides have been used to modify electrodes because of their excellent properties, such as their large electroactive surfaces. The review provides examples of nanoparticle-modified electrodes that have been used successfully for the determination of a broad range of antibiotics.