Abstract
Glaucoma is considered a leading cause of blindness with the human eye being one of the body’s most delicate organs. Ocular diseases encompass diverse diseases affecting the anterior and posterior ocular sections, respectively. The human eye’s peculiar and exclusive anatomy and physiology continue to pose a significant obstacle to researchers and pharmacologists in the provision of efficient drug delivery. Though several traditional invasive and noninvasive eye therapies exist, including implants, eye drops, and injections, there are still significant complications that arise which may either be their low bioavailability or the grave ocular adverse effects experienced thereafter. On the other hand, new nanoscience technology and nanotechnology serve as a novel approach in ocular disease treatment. In order to interact specifically with ocular tissues and overcome ocular challenges, numerous active molecules have been modified to react with nanocarriers. In the general population of glaucoma patients, disease growth and advancement cannot be contained by decreasing intraocular pressure (IOP), hence a spiking in future research for novel drug delivery systems and target therapeutics. This review focuses on nanotechnology and its therapeutic and diagnostic prospects in ophthalmology, specifically glaucoma. Nanotechnology and nanomedicine history, the human eye anatomy, research frontiers in nanomedicine and nanotechnology, its imaging modal quality, diagnostic and surgical approach, and its possible application in glaucoma will all be further explored below. Particular focus will be on the efficiency and safety of this new therapy and its advances.
Highlights
Nanotechnology is a scientific nanoscale engineering technology conducted between the scales of nanometers [1]
Nanotechnology is defined in two ways by Wagner et al [5]: as technology using already existing knowledge on the human body and providing molecular aid for treatment and diagnostics, and it is further described as using nanostructure materials with divergent therapeutic effects
The studies in pharmacodynamics disclosed that BH-Mt/CS nanoparticles could significantly drop glaucomatous rabbit’s intraocular pressure. Through this finding of chitosan/montmorillonite nanoparticles, it can be envisaged that nanoparticles compared with betaxolol hydrochloride solution had the ability to increase retention time
Summary
Nanotechnology is a scientific nanoscale engineering technology conducted between the scales of nanometers [1]. In 1959, Richard Feynman, who is perceived as the father of nanotechnology, proposed the use of nanoscale machines in molecular and atomic modifications [1]. This submission was not properly examined until 1981 when the first scientist observed the nanoscale on a scan tunneling microscope [2]. Nanotechnology is defined in two ways by Wagner et al [5]: as technology using already existing knowledge on the human body and providing molecular aid for treatment and diagnostics, and it is further described as using nanostructure materials with divergent therapeutic effects.
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