Promising Applications of Additive-Manufactured (3D-printed) Electrochemical Sensors for Forensic Chemistry

Abstract

Additive-manufacturing is one of the major pillars of the new industrial revolution and the three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has been highlighted in this scenario. Among the many areas benefited by 3D-printing, the development of electrochemical sensors has appeared in evidence in the last years. One potential application of 3D-printed electrochemical sensors is devoted to forensic chemistry, which demands for portable analytical methods that can provide on-site measurements and thus bring a relevant information in loco. In this context, this review highlights the recent contribution of 3D-printing technology on the development of electrochemical sensors with great promises for on-site analysis in “real-world” forensic scenarios. From the detection of trace explosives, gunshot residues, illicit drugs and chemical threats, to the measurement of adulterants in food and fuels, we show the wide range of applications that 3D-printed electrochemical sensors have been proposed and future demands that can be addressed by such a powerful, affordable, and accessible tool.