Abstract
AbstractThe influence of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the North Tropical Atlantic (NTA) sea surface temperature (SST) is well‐documented in boreal spring, yet it manifests greater complexity in winter. Distinct from El Niño, La Niña has a statistically significant impact on winter NTA SST, which is primarily contributed by the re‐occurring (i.e., second and third years of multi‐year) La Niña events. Despite similar atmospheric forcing, prominent SST anomalies are observed in the NTA during the re‐occurring La Niña winters but not in the first‐year La Niña winters, mainly due to different initial states associated with previous tropical Pacific forcing. Targeted pacemaker experiments well reproduce the robust impacts of re‐occurring La Niña events on the wintertime NTA SST, highlighting the crucial impact of ENSO cycle complexity in its inter‐basin linkages.
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