Prolonged pulmonary transit time by cardiac MRI is a marker of hemodynamic derangement in patients with congestive heart failure

Abstract

Methods Subjects were prospectively enrolled and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal proBNP (NT proBNP) obtained prior to CMR examination. First-pass perfusion was performed in sagital and coronal planes covering the main pulmonary artery and left atrium using a saturation recovery SSFP sequence with 0.005 to 0.01 mmol/kg gadopentetate. PTT was measured as the time interval between peak signal intensity in the main pulmonary artery and peak signal intensity in the left atrium and normalized to heart rate. SSFP cine imaging was performed for ventricular structure and function evaluation. All participants also underwent echocardiography within 2 hours of CMR. Right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure was estimated using Doppler tricuspid regurgitant velocity. Tissue Doppler was used to determine the mitral E/e' ratio. Results Of 31 subjects enrolled, 12 were normal controls and 19 CHF patients. Most with CHF (n = 17) were stable outpatients with class I to III NYHA functional class. Compared to controls, CHF patients had lower LVEF (37% vs 56%, p < 0.001), and stroke volume (74 ml vs 96 ml, p = 0.005). There was no significant difference in cardiac output (5.8 L/min vs 5.0 L/min, p = 0.077). However, PTT was significantly prolonged in CHF patients: 9.0 ± 2.9 s vs 5.7 ± 0.9 s in controls (p < 0.001). Prolonged PTT was closely associated with BNP and NT proBNP(r = 0.746 (p < 0.001), r = 0.789 (p < 0.001), respectively). PTT was also associated with low LVEF (r = -0.653, p < 0.001), low RVEF (r = 0.605, p < 0.001), reduced cardiac output (r = -0.533, p = 0.002), RV systolic pressure (r = 0.459, p = 0.032) and mitral E/e' (r = 0.615, p = 0.002). In multivariate models including PTT, cardiac output and LVEF, prolonged PTT was the only predictor of increased BNP (p = 0.003) and NT proBNP (p = 0.001), suggesting an independent relationship between PTT and BNP.