Abstract
Persistent hypoxic or low-oxygen conditions in aquatic systems are becoming more frequent worldwide, causing large-scale mortalities to aquatic fauna. It is poorly understood, however, whether species can acclimate to long-term hypoxic conditions. In two experiments, we exposed juvenile freshwater fish (Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii) to low-oxygen conditions and investigated acclimation effects. Experiment 1 determined how responses could be modified by exposure to different temperatures (20, 24 and 28°C) and oxygen conditions (control 6-8 mgO2 L-1 and low-oxygen 3-4 mgO2 L-1) over 30days. Experiment 2 determined the acclimation ability of fish exposed to two temperatures (20 and 28°C) and low-oxygen conditions (3-4 mgO2 L-1) for three different acclimation periods (7, 14 and 30days). Responses were measured by determining critical oxygen tension (P crit), loss of equilibrium and aerobic capacity using resting respirometry. In experiment 1, resting oxygen requirements were negatively affected by long-term low-oxygen exposure except at the highest temperature (28°C). However, long-term acclimation in low-oxygen improved tolerance as measured by loss of equilibrium but not P crit. In experiment 2, fish could tolerate lower oxygen levels before reaching loss of equilibrium after 7days acclimation, but this declined overtime. Murray cod were most tolerant to low-oxygen at the lowest temperature (20°C) and shortest exposure time (7days). Extended low-oxygen exposure resulted in reduced aerobic capacity of fish particularly at the lowest temperature. While prior exposure to low-oxygen may allow fish to cope with hypoxic conditions better in the long-term, acclimation time was inversely related to tolerance, suggesting that resistance to hypoxia might decrease as a function of exposure time. Our study fills a much-needed gap in our understanding of how freshwater species acclimate to hypoxia, and in particular, how exposure to prolonged periods of low-oxygen and elevated temperatures affect organisms physiologically.
Highlights
Hypoxia can be fatal to many organisms including mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and invertebrates (Hermes-Lima and Zenteno-Savın 2002; Bickler and Buck 2007; Ramirez et al 2007)
Our results show that prior exposure to low-oxygen could improve the tolerance of fish to hypoxic conditions
Counter to expectations, physiological performance did not improve with exposure to low-oxygen compared with fish exposed to normoxia
Summary
Hypoxia can be fatal to many organisms including mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and invertebrates (Hermes-Lima and Zenteno-Savın 2002; Bickler and Buck 2007; Ramirez et al 2007). Countless species have become adapted to periods of hypoxia ranging from hours to months (Hermes-Lima and Zenteno-Savın 2002; Bickler and Buck 2007). Extensive research has shown many of the biochemical and physiological mechanisms that allow animals to endure oxidative stress (for reviews see: Hochachka and Lutz 2001; Hermes-Lima and Zenteno-Savın 2002; Bickler and Buck 2007; Ramirez by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The paucity of research examining acclimation of fish, for freshwater species, highlights the need for additional research
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