Abstract
Traditionally, proline is categorized as one of the nones sential amino acids in mammals, however, proline is indispensable in the neonatal small intestine. In addition, proline has features of an inhibitory neuromodulator and a metabolic precursor for glutamate in glutamatergic synapses in the central nervous system. Importantly, recent studies have shown that the gene PRODH1, which encodes proline oxidase (POX) the first enzyme in the proline catabolic pathway, is one of a handful of genes whose expression is induced by p53, a pivotal tumor suppressor. Subsequent work has demonstrated that the increased amounts of POX together with availability of proline results in increased reactive oxygen production that can lead to mitochondriaand caspase 8-mediated apoptosis. These perturbations may play a key role in oncogenesis in certain types of cell and tissue. In bacteria and plants, proline serves as an osmo protectant to assist in maintaining appropriate osmotic pressure and participates in balancing redox potential and the pH. Proline metabolism in mammals involves two other amino acids, glutamate and ornithine, and five enzymatic
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