Proline cis-trans isomers in calbindin D 9k observed by X-ray crystallography

Abstract

In a structure of recombinant bovine calbindin D 9k, determined crystallographically to 1.6 Å resolution, a proline in mixed, approximately equally populated, cis and trans conformation is observed. Isomers of this kind have not been reported in structure determinations of calbindin D 9k to 2.3 Å resolution or in any other crystallographically determined protein structure. The cis-trans isomerization occurs at the peptide bond between Gly42 and Pro43, which is in agreement with results from two-dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy experiments on solutions of calbindin D 9k. Alternative backbone stretches have been modeled and refined by stereochemical restrained least-squares refinement for the segment Lys41 to Pro43. The final R-value was 0.188. The structural perturbations accompanying the cis-trans isomerization are found to be very localized. The largest positional differences are observed at residue Gly42, in which the alternative positions of the oxygen atom are 3.6 Å apart.