Abstract
Salinity and drought are the major osmotic stress limitations that affect plant growth and crop yield in agriculture worldwide. The alternative response mediated by plants in response to salinity and drought are principally proline accumulation which regulates stress combat strategies owing to sustainable production in the realm of agricultural production even under severe stress. Symbiotic and soil associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are regarded as efficient biofertilizers in several crops under these stresses. Summarily AMF is renowned for effective scavengers of free radicals in soil thereby increasing soil parameters optimal for plant growth. AMF contribute to augment host plant tolerance to stress specifically salinity and drought. Mycorrhizal colonization positively regulates root uptake of available nutrients and enhance growth even when bestowed by water constraints which has contributory roles due to proline accumulation providing several intriguing researches on AMF symbiosis pertaining to plant productivity and yield. Mycorrhizal plants and their non-mycorrhizal counterparts show varied expression pattern regarding proline amass. Hence, the precise role of proline with respect to stress tolerance and equivocal mechanisms involved in evasion of osmotic stress has not been extensively reviewed earlier. Further molecular forecasting in this arena is still an underexploited research field. This review comprehensively addresses the observable facts pertaining to proline accumulation upon AMF association and adherence relevant to stress tolerance and host plant efficiency and efficacy.
Highlights
Abiotic stress that limits plant growth and development are largely confined to salinity and drought in the realm of agriculture (Chandrasekaran et al, 2014; Augé et al, 2015)
We provide initial cohesive roles for proline accumulation and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiosis in host plant growth based on combinatorial perspectives of plant growth
Proline is synthesized via glutamate pathway in the cytoplasm in which, glutamate converted into 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) by 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), which is converted into proline by 1pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR)
Summary
Abiotic stress that limits plant growth and development are largely confined to salinity and drought in the realm of agriculture (Chandrasekaran et al, 2014; Augé et al, 2015). In endophyte, Acremonium coenophialum proline act as a good nitrogen source (Kulkarni and Nielsen, 1986) In this regard, proline, tyrosine, and methionine act as extremely poor sources of N for ectomycorrhizal fungi (Abuzinadah and Read, 1988). Differences in utilization of proline showed that the fungi possess a number of permeases for the uptake of amino acids, which can serve as nitrogen and/or carbon source or as building blocks for protein and peptide synthesis (Horák, 1986). Proline function to protect plants from drought and salinity stress (Nanjo et al, 1999), and ProDH is one of the key enzymes that regulate proline accumulation in vivo (Peng et al, 1996). AM symbiosis playing pivotal roles in induced and increased stress tolerance have been explicitly studied earlier (García and Mendoza, 2008; Porcel et al, 2012; Chandrasekaran et al, 2014; Augé et al, 2015)
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