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Abstract
After bone damage, fracture or amputation, lizards regenerate a variable mass of cartilaginous and fibro-cartilaginous tissues, depending from the anatomical site and intensity of inflammation. Aside tail and vertebrae, also long bones and knee epiphyses can regenerate a relative large mass of cartilage after injury. Regeneration is likely related to the persistence of stem cells in growing centers of these bones, localized in the epiphyses of femur, tibia and fibula. The epiphyses form ossified secondary centers in adults but a few progenitor cells remain in the articular cartilage and growth plate, allowing a continuous growth during most lifetime of lizards. The present Review indicates that putative progenitor/stem cells, identified by long labeling retaining of 5-bromo-deoxy-uridine (5BrdU) and immunolocalization of telomerase, remain localized in the articular cartilage and growth plates of the femur and tibia. These cells are re-activated after limited epiphyses damage or amputation of the distal part of the femur or tibia-fibula, and can re-form cartilaginous epiphyses. Regenerating chondrocytes show an intense proliferation and the production of new extracellular matrix components such as collagen VI, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, and hyaluronate receptors. The molecular factors at the origin of the chondrogenic potential of the articular cartilage, growth plates, and the periosteum in lizard bones remain to be studied.
Highlights
Lizards are capable of massive cartilage regeneration, mainly in the regenerating tail where a long cartilaginous tube substitutes for the original vertebral column [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
Regeneration of cartilaginous cells in injured bones and knees of lizards is a remarkable case of cartilage regeneration in amniotes, in comparison to the limited cartilage regeneration detected in mammals [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20]
In the present Review we summarize previous studies conducted on an amniote model of cartilage regeneration, the lizard
Summary
Lizards are capable of massive cartilage regeneration, mainly in the regenerating tail where a long cartilaginous tube substitutes for the original vertebral column [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. Regeneration of cartilaginous cells in injured bones and knees of lizards is a remarkable case of cartilage regeneration in amniotes, in comparison to the limited cartilage regeneration detected in mammals [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20] In the latter, the injured periosteum gives rise to a fibro-connective tissue and to some new chondrocytes. The Review introduces to the following study on the massive regeneration of cartilaginous tissue that forms the cartilaginous anlagen of a new femur, tibia and fibula in the amputated hindlimb of lizards after stimulation with Fibroblast Growth Factor FGF1–2 ([26], this volume)
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