Abstract
Cities around the world have developed innovative plans and strategies to reduce rampant and uncontrolled energy use and CO2 emissions. It is not surprising that many cities have adopted long-term emission reduction goals. However, a detailed analysis of energy use and the resulting carbon emissions are rare in developing countries. This paper presents historical trends of energy demand and energy-related CO2 emissions for Bangkok, Thailand. The CO2 emissions account for the use of fossil fuels only. It also presents the projections of energy use and CO2 emissions from 2010 to 2050. Using a bottom-up energy model and scenario analysis, the paper employs a Long-range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) system to simulate four sectors in Bangkok. The results identified by the BAU (business-as-usual) scenario indicate that total energy is expected to reach 54,560 kilotonne of oil equivalent (ktoe) with 191 million tonne CO2 (Mt-CO2) by 2050. Under the alternative scenario, if all policy interventions are implemented simultaneously, the potential for energy-savings and reduced CO2 emissions in 2050 are estimated to be 32,120 ktoe and 106.19 Mt-CO2. Other international cities may wish to apply the strategies and analytical approaches presented in this paper for developing appropriate policies and measures in their own jurisdictions.
Highlights
Urbanization is a key driver from the energy and climate perspective
From 1950 to 2010, total energy use increased at compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 0.03%, which means it rose from 2,630 ktoe in 1950 to 15,582 ktoe in 2010
This paper presented the historical trends of energy demand and energy-related CO2 emissions in Bangkok from 1950 to 2010
Summary
Urbanization is a key driver from the energy and climate perspective. Cities across the world have developed strategies for reduction of energy demand, as well as CO2 emissions. These strategies are referred to as low carbon development strategies. Many cities have relied on fossil fuels and have desired to move towards low carbon development pathways. National government agencies undertake some energy and climate-related projects in Bangkok, and are responsible for key infrastructures, such as the mass transit systems. The development of a sustainable city needs to understand the past, present, and future pathways, as well as key features, such as energy systems
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