Abstract
ABSTRACT Much has been written about the prehistory of ‘cyber’ and computer security in the United States, but we know less about other countries. This essay seeks to examine early British efforts in this field and especially attacks by ‘Tiger Teams’ against ICL mainframe computers that were being deployed by MI5 and other agencies. Over 2 years, a sophisticated programme was completed. It argues that a severe expertise shortage ensured a degree of convergence and later outsourcing to ICL. This pioneering work also paved the way for ‘Project Spaceman’ which offered government highly secure options together with encryption in the mid-1980s.
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