Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major public health challenge throughout the world, although studies on its association with the inflammatory potential of diet are inconsistent. The aim of this prospective study was to assess the association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) and the risk of MetS and its components in a Korean population. Data from 157,812 Korean adults (mean age 52.8 years; 53,304 men and 104,508 women with mean follow-up of 7.4 years) collected by members of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study form the basis for this report. DII scores were calculated based on Semi-Quantitative Food-Frequency Questionnaire data. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the association between DII scores and MetS. In women, higher DII scores (pro-inflammatory diet) increased the risk of MetS (hazard ratio [HR]quintile5 v. 1 1.43; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21–1.69; p for trend ≤ 0.0001) and its five components. A positive association was observed for postmenopausal women, with a 50% higher risk of developing MetS (HRquintile5 v. 1 1.50; 95% CI 1.23–1.83; p for trend = 0.0008) after fully adjusting for potential confounders. Irrespective of the menopausal status of women, higher DII (=Q5) scores were positively associated with all 5 components of MetS (p < 0.05). In men, higher DII scores significantly increased the risk of low HDL cholesterol [HR]quintile5 v. 1 1.59 (1.27–1.99); p for trend = 0.0001], elevated waist circumferences [HR]quintile5 v. 1 1.28 (1.08–1.52); p for trend = 0.01], and high blood pressure [HR]quintile5 v. 1 1.17 (1.03–1.32); p for trend = 0.05]. These results indicate that diet with pro-inflammatory potential, as represented by higher DII scores, is prospectively associated with increased risk of MetS, and the relationship is stronger in women than in men.
Highlights
Scores significantly increased the risk of low HDL cholesterol [hazard ratios (HRs)]quintile5 v. 1 1.59 (1.27–1.99); p for trend = 0.0001], elevated waist circumferences [HR]quintile5 v. 1 1.28 (1.08–1.52); p for trend = 0.01], and high blood pressure [HR]quintile5 v. 1 1.17 (1.03–1.32); p for trend = 0.05]. These results indicate that diet with pro-inflammatory potential, as represented by higher DII scores, is prospectively associated with increased risk of Metabolic syndrome (MetS), and the relationship is stronger in women than in men
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multifactorial disorder characterized by elevated fasting glucose, triglycerides, blood pressure, and waist circumference and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels [1]
A positive association was observed for postmenopausal women, with a 50% higher risk of developing MetS (HR quintile5 v. 1 1.50; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.23–1.83; p for trend = 0.0008)
Summary
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multifactorial disorder characterized by elevated fasting glucose, triglycerides, blood pressure, and waist circumference and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels [1]. MetS, as well as its components, have become a major public health challenge around the world, as they are known risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type. MetS has been a scourge globally, including in both developed and developing countries [4]. In the US, it is estimated that nearly 35% of all adults and 50% of those of aged 60 years or older have MetS in 2011–12 [5]. The overall age-standardized prevalence of MetS was 22.4% in 2015, and nearly 40% of women aged 60 years or older in South Korea had MetS in 2013–2015 [6]. Chronic inflammation, characterized by continuous presence of chronic, low-grade systemic inflammation plays a major role in the pathophysiology of many chronic diseases, including MetS [7]
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