Abstract
Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in the form of hexagonal lattice, has many intriguing optical and electrical properties. However, due to the atomic layer thickness, light-matter interactions in the monolayer graphene are naturally weak when the light is normally incident to the material. To overcome this challenge, waveguide-integrated graphene optoelectronic devices have been proposed and demonstrated. In such coplanar configurations, the propagating light in the waveguide can significantly interact with the graphene layer integrated on the surface of the waveguide. The combination of photonic integrated circuits and graphene also enables the development of graphene devices by using silicon photonic technology, which greatly extends the scope of graphene’s application. Moreover, the waveguide-integrated graphene devices are fully CMOS-compatible, which makes it possible to achieve low-cost and high-density integration in the future. As a result, the area has been attracting more and more attention in recent years. In this paper, we introduce basic principles and research advances of waveguide-integrated graphene optoelectronics.
Highlights
Graphene, a two-dimensional (2D) material, has unique features of energy band structure involving zero band gap [1], linear dispersion [2], and low density of states [3,4,5,6], which result in intriguing optical and electrical properties and bring us many promising applications
Comparing to the graphene plasmonic devices and fiber-integrated graphene devices, the waveguideintegrated graphene devices are developed based on complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) compatible photonic integrated circuits (PICs), which have advantages of high-density integration, high-quality devices, and lowcost fabrication processes [18]
With the unique optical and electrical properties, graphene is expected to improve the performance of conventional PICs and bring new applications
Summary
A two-dimensional (2D) material, has unique features of energy band structure involving zero band gap [1], linear dispersion [2], and low density of states [3,4,5,6], which result in intriguing optical and electrical properties and bring us many promising applications. Waveguide-integrated graphene devices are expected to break the bottle neck of traditional silicon-based PICs. Silicon photonics has been widely studied for the applications in optical interconnects [20], optical communications [21], and nonlinear optics [22] in Advances in Condensed Matter Physics. In waveguide configurations, light-graphene interactions are enhanced through evanescent field coupling, resulting in larger saturation energy and ultrafast optical pulses with higher energy [24, 25]. The study of waveguideintegrated graphene devices paves a new way to develop onchip optoelectronic applications. We introduce basic principles and recent research advances of waveguide-integrated graphene optoelectronic devices on various platforms, especially waveguideintegrated graphene photodetectors and modulators.
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