Abstract
Thin-film lithium-ion batteries are the most competitive power sources for various kinds of micro-electro-mechanical systems and have been extensively researched. The present paper reviews the recent progress on Sn-based thin-film anode materials, with particular emphasis on the preparation and performances of pure Sn, Sn-based alloy, and Sn-based oxide thin films. From this survey, several conclusions can be drawn concerning the properties of Sn-based thin-film anodes. Pure Sn thin films deliver high reversible capacity but very poor cyclability due to the huge volume changes that accompany lithium insertion/extraction. The cycle performance of Sn-based intermetallic thin films can be enhanced at the expense of their capacities by alloying with inactive transition metals. In contrast to anodes in which Sn is alloyed with inactive transition metals, Sn-based nanocomposite films deliver high capacity with enhanced cycle performance through the incorporation of active elements. In comparison with pure Sn anodes, Sn-based oxide thin films show greatly enhanced cyclability due to the in situ formation of Sn nanodispersoids in an Li2O matrix, although there is quite a large initial irreversible capacity loss. For all of these anodes, substantial improvements have been achieved by micro-nanostructure tuning of the active materials. Based on the progress that has already been made on the relationship between the properties and microstructures of Sn-based thin-film anodes, it is believed that manipulating the multi-phase and multi-scale structures offers an important means of further improving the capacity and cyclability of Sn-based alloy thin-film anodes.
Highlights
Lithium-ion batteries are widely used nowadays as important power sources for portable electronic devices and electric or hybrid vehicle (EV/HEV) applications due to their high energy density, high voltage, and long lifespan
The present paper reviews the recent progress on Sn-based thin-film anode materials, with particular emphasis on the preparation and performances of pure Sn, Sn-based alloy, and Sn-based oxide thin films
The major task is developing thin-film/micro-batteries that might be applied in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), smart cards, implantable medical devices, and so on
Summary
Sn-based materials have been among the most important alternative anode materials for Li-ion batteries, and have been widely studied because of the high specific capacity of Sn. -Sn has a tetragonal structure (space group: I41/amd, no. 141), with lattice constants of a=0.5831 nm and c= 0.3182 nm. Sn-based materials have been among the most important alternative anode materials for Li-ion batteries, and have been widely studied because of the high specific capacity of Sn. It can be seen that lithium storage in Sn by the formation of various LixSn phases is accompanied by large volume changes This is very different from the intercalation compounds of graphite, which show small volume changes of less than 10%. The specific volume capacity of an Sn anode amounts to 7262 mAh cm 3, which is almost nine times higher than that of graphite Taking into account both the specific capacity and the volume capacity, Sn-based materials can meet the requirements for high-capacity anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, which is very important in relation to thin-film electrodes of limited thickness. These advantages have prompted many extensive studies of Snbased thin-film anodes
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