Abstract
With the rapid development of the internet of things (IoT), sustainable self-powered wireless sensory systems and diverse wearable and implantable electronic devices have surged recently. Under such an opportunity, nanogenerators, which can convert continuous mechanical energy into usable electricity, have been regarded as one of the critical technologies for self-powered systems, based on the high sensitivity, flexibility, and biocompatibility of piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). In this review, we have thoroughly analyzed the materials and structures of wearable and implantable PENGs and TENGs, aiming to make clear how to tailor a self-power system into specific applications. The advantages in TENG and PENG are taken to effectuate wearable and implantable human-oriented applications, such as self-charging power packages, physiological and kinematic monitoring, in vivo and in vitro healing, and electrical stimulation. This review comprehensively elucidates the recent advances and future outlook regarding the human body’s self-powered systems.
Highlights
The biomechanical energy produced by human motions and the round-the-clock biological rhythms could be a promising power source to realize self-powered wearable and implantable systems
[11], high efficiency [12], flexibility [13], light weight [14], and strong sustainability [15]. They are widely used as a power supplier in portable electronics, the internet of things, used a power supplier in portable electronics, the internet of things, and human–machine and as human–machine interfaces, and as active sensors for engineering and environmental interfaces, and as active sensors for engineering and environmental monitoring [16]
Through the development of self-powered systems, we summarize the optimization of materials and structures in wearable and implantable nanogenerators
Summary
Wearable electronics and implantable devices have drawn much attention in academic research and industry [1]. With the contemporary increased demands of multiple and ubiquitous wearable and implantable applications, human-oriented self-powered systems have become a hot issue [3,4]. Nanogen of 18 erators based on piezoelectric and triboelectric effects have the advantages of low cost [11], high efficiency [12], flexibility [13], light weight [14], and strong sustainability [15] They are widely used as a power supplier in portable electronics, the internet of things, used a power supplier in portable electronics, the internet of things, and human–machine and as human–machine interfaces, and as active sensors for engineering and environmental interfaces, and as active sensors for engineering and environmental monitoring [16]. We expand on the applications of self-powered wearable and implantable systems
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