Abstract
In seedling production of seawater fish, providing appropriate nutrition is a necessity for successful production of quality larvae and juveniles. Mass-produced live prey organisms, such as the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis species complex and brine shrimp Artemia spp., alone do not provide sufficient nutrition to the larvae and juveniles of seawater animals. This inadequacy has led to various problems related to fish quality and health, including increased incidence of morphological and behavioral abnormalities and mass mortalities. It is, therefore, important to identify the factors associated with these problems to improve seedling production techniques. This review collates the efforts made during the past two decades in larval nutrition–focusing on advances made in the use of certain nutrients, such as docosahexaenoic acid, vitamin A derivatives, and taurine that are important for the mass production of seawater fish larvae and juveniles–with an aim to improve the quality and health of fish.
Highlights
IntroductionIn 2006, Worm et al [1] demonstrated in an alarming article the prediction that world marine resources would be
In 2006, Worm et al [1] demonstrated in an alarming article the prediction that world marine resources would beThis article publication is sponsored by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) in a Grant-in-Aid for Publication of Scientific Research Results (KAKENHI 252018). artificial seedling production in the freshwater aquaculture sector has been practiced since the first half of the 20th century, it was only sometime in the 1960s that the seawater sector started practicing artificial seedling production
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is the most important n-3 HUFA for larvae and juveniles of seawater fish, and a high concentration of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in rotifer and Artemia has been shown to be essential for the seed production of yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata, red sea bream Pagrus major, and striped jack Pseudocaranx dentex [7]
Summary
In 2006, Worm et al [1] demonstrated in an alarming article the prediction that world marine resources would be. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is the most important n-3 HUFA for larvae and juveniles of seawater fish, and a high concentration of DHA in rotifer and Artemia has been shown to be essential for the seed production of yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata, red sea bream Pagrus major, and striped jack Pseudocaranx dentex [7]. In newly hatched fed larvae, the percentage of DHA (the composition ratio of DHA that originated from the egg relative to all fatty acids) decreases sharply over the first 10 days or so after hatching in yellowtail, red sea bream, flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, striped jack, and Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus fed rotifer, as well as in common octopus Octopus vulgaris fed Artemia (Fig. 1) [8] During this period, the body weight of fish sharply increases while the lipid content decreases. We can rule out a possibility of the changes in DHA during post-hatching as a result of fasting
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