Abstract
Conductive nanomaterials have recently gained a lot of interest due to their excellent physical, chemical, and electrical properties, as well as their numerous nanoscale morphologies, which enable them to be fabricated into a wide range of modern chemical and biological sensors. This study focuses mainly on current applications based on conductive nanostructured materials. They are the key elements in preparing wearable electrochemical Biosensors, including electrochemical immunosensors and DNA biosensors. Conductive nanomaterials such as carbon (Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene), metals and conductive polymers, which provide a large effective surface area, fast electron transfer rate and high electrical conductivity, are summarized in detail. Conductive polymer nanocomposites in combination with carbon and metal nanoparticles have also been addressed to increase sensor performance. In conclusion, a section on current challenges and opportunities in this growing field is forecasted at the end.
Highlights
Today we live in the new era of the internet of things (IoT), where everything is connected, and smart objects like sensors and actuators can communicate with each others as well as generate and exchange information (Li et al, 2017)
Electrochemical biosensors work on the principle that an electrical current passes through a sensing electrode produced by an electrochemical reaction that converts the associated information into qualitative or quantitative signals (Curto et al, 2012)
There are several sub-techniques to choose from in order to maximize the signal-tonoise ratios. can be combined with preconcentration procedures for the identification of trace molecules, resulting in increased limitability. They may not need the use of a reference electrode; they work at low-amplitude alternating voltage, which prevents Faraday processes on electrodes; They are light insensitive; Applicable only to charged species sensing
Summary
Today we live in the new era of the internet of things (IoT), where everything is connected, and smart objects like sensors and actuators can communicate with each others as well as generate and exchange information (Li et al, 2017). The porous structure of nanomaterials provides excellent immobilization for enzymes, thereby effectively increasing the diffusion of both the target and electrolyte, advancing the catalysis for the analyte (Wen and Eychmüller, 2016) These nanomaterial sensing properties improve the performance and design strategies of wearable electrochemical biosensors. Among the numerous transduction systems used, electrochemical immunosensors have sparked the interest of researchers due to benefits such as a good detection limit, ease of automation, low cost, uniformity, and incorporation with miniaturized readouts, and comprehensive compatibility for onsite testing Their sensing technologies and detection range are frequently improving because of advancements in the distinctive properties of conductive nanomaterials, conductivity and electrochemical activity (Shaikh et al, 2019). The final section looks into the prospects and challenges of these wearable sensor systems’ durability, robustness, and performance
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