Abstract
Bone cancer including primary bone cancer and metastatic bone cancer, remains a challenge claiming millions of lives and affecting the life quality of survivors. Conventional treatments of bone cancer include wide surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, some bone cancer cells may remain or recur in the local area after resection, some are highly resistant to chemotherapy, and some are insensitive to radiotherapy. Phototherapy (PT) including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), is a clinically approved, minimally invasive, and highly selective treatment, and has been widely reported for cancer therapy. Under the irradiation of light of a specific wavelength, the photosensitizer (PS) in PDT can cause the increase of intracellular ROS and the photothermal agent (PTA) in PTT can induce photothermal conversion, leading to the tumoricidal effects. In this review, the progress of PT applications in the treatment of bone cancer has been outlined and summarized, and some envisioned challenges and future perspectives have been mentioned. This review provides the current state of the art regarding PDT and PTT in bone cancer and inspiration for future studies on PT.
Highlights
Published: 21 October 2021Bone cancer is divided into primary bone cancer and metastatic bone cancer, depending on whether the tumors invading the bone tissue are primary tumors or metastatic tumors
Blood flow in control and tumor-bearing hind limbs was measured with a laser Doppler perfusion imager in the regions of interest (ROI) (as indicated in (b)), and the data are presented as percent change in perfusion of tumor compared to normal tissue, *** p < 0.001. (b) Images of hind limb perfusion
As some bone cancer cells may remain or recur in the local area after tumor resection, some are highly resistant to chemotherapy, and some are insensitive to radiotherapy, there are multiple undesirable results following bone cancer therapy, such as motor dysfunction, neurological symptoms, reduced quality of life, and mental and economic burdens
Summary
Bone cancer is divided into primary bone cancer and metastatic bone cancer, depending on whether the tumors invading the bone tissue are primary tumors or metastatic tumors. Phototherapy (PT) involves the local exposure of patients to light to treat disease, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) Both these therapies have been widely studied for cancer treatments in recent years, as they can eliminate tumor cells without damaging normal tissues [20,21]. The applications of targeted recognition technology and nanocarriers have further improved the selectivity and safety of PS, and are conducive to the combination with other treatment methods such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy [58,59,60] Both of the second- and third-generation PSs are the main directions of current studies. The success of PDT depends on the choice of PS and light source, and on the total light dose and exposure time, as well as other combined treatment strategies
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