Progress of nanocrystalline growth kinetics based on oriented attachment

Abstract

The crystal growth mechanism, kinetics, and microstructure development play a fundamental role in tailoring the materials with controllable sizes and morphologies. The classical crystal growth kinetics-Ostwald ripening (OR) theory is usually used to explain the diffusion-controlled crystal growth process, in which larger particles grow at the expense of smaller particles. In nanoscale systems, another significant mechanism named "oriented attachment (OA)" was found, where nanoparticles with common crystallographic orientations directly combine together to form larger ones. Comparing with the classical atom/molecular-mediated crystallization pathway, the OA mechanism shows its specific characteristics and roles in the process of nanocrystal growth. In recent years, the OA mechanism has been widely reported in preparing low-dimension nanostructural materials and reveals remarkable effects on directing and mediating the self-assembly of nanocrystals. Currently, the interests are more focused on the investigation of its role rather than the comprehensive insight of the mechanism and kinetics. The inner complicacy of crystal growth and the occurrence of coexisting mechanisms lead to the difficulty and lack of understanding this growth process by the OA mechanism.In this context, we review the progress of the OA mechanism and its impact on materials science, and especially highlight the OA-based growth kinetics aiming to achieve a further understanding of this crystal growth route. To explore the OA-limited growth, the influence of the OR mechanism needs to be eliminated. The introduction of strong surface adsorption was reported as the effective solution to hinder OR from occurring and facilitate the exclusive OA growth stage. A detailed survey of the nanocrystal growth kinetics under the effect of surface adsorption was presented and summarized. Moreover, the development of OA kinetic models was systematically generalized, in which the "molecular-like" kinetic models were built to take the OA nanocrystal growth behavior as the collision and reaction between molecules. The development of OA growth kinetics can provide a sufficient understanding of crystal growth, and the awareness of underlying factors in the growth will offer promising guidance on how to control the size distribution and shape development of nanostructural materials.