Progress of migration scholarship over 60 years of International Migration

4 Migration research and analysis: Growth, reach and recent contributions

From Disease to Pandemic

The International Organization for Migration (IOM)2 was founded in 1951, originally as the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (ICEM) to deal with resettlement of displaced persons, refugees and migrants in the aftermath of the Second World War (Olsen 2002; Wennerholm/Zillen 2003). It acquired its current structure and profile in 1989 and now has more than 125 member countries and almost 7,000 staff worldwide, led from a headquarters in Geneva. IOM’s website describes it as “the leading intergovernmental organization in the field of migration”, concerned with cooperation to promote international migration law, migration policy debate and guidance, migrants’ rights, and attention to health and gender dimensions of migration. What are the assumptions, values and beliefs about migration seen in IOM’s current research and proposals?

O presente trabalho se insere no âmbito da história social da imigração para São Paulo, focalizando especificamente o período comumente classificado como a retomada da imigração, no pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial, quando as entradas se dividem basicamente em dois momentos: 1947-1951, com o apoio da Organização Internacional das Migrações (OIR); e 1952-1980, com o apoio do Comitê Intergovernamental para as Migrações Europeias (Cime). O estudo enfoca a nacionalidade polonesa no quadro da imigração dos chamados "deslocados de guerra", provenientes dos campos de refugiados da Alemanha e da Áustria. Com base na documentação do Memorial do Imigrante, sistematizada em um banco de dados, e nos artigos publicados na Revista de Imigração e Colonização (RIC), procura-se contextualizar a discussão do período, sobre a necessidade e conveniência ou não da entrada desses imigrantes deslocados que foram introduzidos graças a acordos entre o Brasil e a OIR, além de traçar o perfil desses imigrantes, que formavam o maior grupo entre as nacionalidades entradas no período. O foco na imigração polonesa do pós-guerra ressalta a especificidade desse fluxo, cujo perfil se diferencia das levas anteriores num contexto marcado, preferencialmente, pela proteção ao trabalhador nacional e ao migrante interno.

The Council of the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (ICEM) held its eighth session in Geneva from May 7 to 13, 1958. The session opened with the unanimous election of Marcus Daly as Director of ICEM to succeed Harold H. Tittmann. In his report on ICEM activities in 1957 Mr. Tittmann announced that during the year ICEM had moved 194,000 migrants and refugees, bringing the sixyear total to 775,000. The retiring director suggested that the future program of ICEM should include 1) consultations between the emigration countries of Europe and the immigration countries overseas with regard to the planning of migration programs; 2) the closest possible relationship between ICEM and the European Economic Community, and the free trade area if it were set up, which were concerned with the mobility of manpower within Europe; and 3) efforts to make effective activities of ICEM other than transport which helped develop and improve migration and to assure stable financing for them. It was announced that an estimated total of 126,000 migrants would be moved by ICEM in 1958, representing a decrease of twenty percent below the total previously estimated and a decrease of 67,747 from the number of migrants moved by ICEM in 1957. The decrease was ascribed to reductions in immigration programs and stricter selection requirements imposed by receiving countries as the result of economic retrenchment. ICEM expected to spend $34,575,767 in effecting the movements.

En este articulo analizo la emigracion italiana a los paises de America Latina en la segunda posguerra a traves de la documentacion del Ministero del Lavoro e Previdenza Sociale (MLPS), conservada en el Archivio Centrale dello Stato (ACS) en Roma. La emigracion “asistida” se regulaba a traves de acuerdos bilaterales con algunos gobiernos latinoamericanos y a traves de la participacion de Italia en el CIME (Comite Intergubernamental para las Migraciones Europeas). El CIME se ocupaba del transporte de los emigrantes y de su seleccion y formacion profesional. El MLPS se encargaba de organizar la salida de los emigrantes y mantenia contactos con el CIME y los paises de destino. Me centro en particular en la emigracion a Argentina, Chile, Brasil, Venezuela y Uruguay. Trato de mostrar los aspectos de continuidad y/o de novedad con respecto a la emigracion de entreguerras, tanto en lo que se refiere a la experiencia de los emigrantes como a la actitud de la burocracia italiana, europea y latinoamericana. Palabras clave: Italia, emigracion, America Latina, CIME.

The Council of the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (ICEM) held its fifth session in Geneva, October I–10, 1956; prior to the session the nine-nation Executive Committee held a private session beginning on September 20. After adopting the Director's progress report, a final 1956 movement program of 126,160 Europeans, and a budget of $44.5 million, the Council approved the 1957 plan for resettlement of 122,000 European migrants at a cost of nearly $44 million. Delegates from ten nations pledged contributions amounting to $680,680 for a special fund of nearly $1 million established by the Council for assistance to refugees and migration services. The ICEM Director, Harold H. Tittmann, reported the decline in 1956 of movements to Latin America, and suggested the possibility of increased migration to Colombia, which had accepted relatively few European migrants. A United States delegate (Walter) announced that the United States was prepared to allocate part of its $15 million Latin American Development Fund to promote land settlement programs in Latin America. He stated that the United States could not originate such programs, but required a Latin American nation to make land available for resettlement of migrants and a migrant-sending European nation to contribute its share of financial and economic assistance. In accordance with the United States offer the Argentine delegate said his government would set aside 70 plots of land to assist immigrants in the Melchior Romero colony near Buenos Aires. In addition, 23,000 hectares of land owned by the Banco de la Naoion and located in various parts of the country would be earmarked for other projects.

Urbanization, Migration, and Adaptation to Climate Change

IntroductionThe origins of scientific research which can be traced back to second half of 19th century mark beginning of exploring other sciences, both social and economic ones. In this period of time, empirical science research was developed, such as ethnography, geography, political science and many others that laid foundations for exploration of a number of theories of international human migration and made them interdisciplinary in character. In 1885, E. G. Ravenstein published a paper entitled Laws of Migration. Having utilized statistical data on British migration, he inferred laws of migration, such as for instance distance, types of migrants, gender-specific motives for migration, etc. (Ravenstein, 1885; Gress, 2014).Ageing population, in particular in EU countries made investigation of labour migration, as well as its causes and effects for individual labour markets of primary concern (Cajka et al., 2014). There are various reasons for labour migration. Generally, there are two reasons for international migration, i.e. economic and non-economic ones. Economic reasons include differences between wages, searching for farmland and striving to acquire new skills in labour market. Non-economic reasons include political, religious, racial or ethnic motives (Muchova et al., 2011, p. 102; Kumpikaite, Zickute, 2012).Approaches of countries to migration (Czaika, de Haas, 2013; Sadova, 2010) will depend on whether or not there is a need for migrants in a given country. Presently, need is mainly associated with maintaining economic performance of country and demand for workforce from either quantitative or qualitative perspective.Effective management of migration processes has become a political priority in most countries. There has been an overwhelming consensus on migration - if managed effectively, it can be greatly beneficial to countries of both and destination (Lipkova et al., 2011, p. 331; Bilan, 2014; Streimikiene et al., 2016).Migration is a relatively complex concept which refers to several different types of human movements, such as for instance change of residence, labour migration, seasonal migration, circular migration, etc. The most common categorization takes into account geographical aspect of human mobility, and thus international migration, internal migration and cross-border migration are distinguished. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) defines international migration as the movement of a person or a group of persons from one geographical unit to another across an administrative or political border, for temporary or permanent settlement, in a place other than their place of origin (IOM, 2003; Divinský, 2009; Vojtovic, 2013; Thomas, 2016).Therefore, term international migration will be used throughout paper. In paper, motivating factors of Slovak citizens to move abroad for employment purposes were examined. The issue of migration of Slovak workers to other EU countries seems to be a problem for Slovak economy. That is why Slovak government are preparing measures to tackle it. Apparently, there are no exact and real data on number of labour migrants, so extent and seriousness of problem cannot be judged objectively. Surveys conducted on migration of Slovak citizens for employment purposes abroad provide only a vague picture of development of problematic issue. There are several reasons why there is a lack of clear and unambiguous data: plurality of migration channels (through which Slovak citizens seek and find employment abroad - EURES, agencies offering jobs abroad, temporary employment agencies, individual job search etc.), variety and incompatibility of methodological approaches (immigration cards, personal identification numbers, residence permits, work permits - changing jobs often requires a new registration in register of immigrant workers, when quitting jobs, leaving labour market or country, there is no need to get unregistered), periodicity of statistical data and their nature (terms of processing and publishing data on migrant workers differ across EU). …

Policy Options to Address Challenges throughout the Migration Life Cycle

The Costs and Returns of Human Migration

Harnessing the Development Potential of Return Migration

ABSTRACTThis article provides a review of the literature on the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and serves as an introduction to the JEMS special issue devoted to this organisation. IOM has long been a neglected research topic. Since the 1990s, however, it has experienced substantial growth; its role and visibility in the global politics of migration have increased, which has culminated in IOM’s elevation to a UN-related organisation status in 2016. This has spurred growing interest in its history, structure, and activities. The main argument developed in this article is that IOM exemplifies some of the key changes currently taking place in the way international migration is apprehended and governed. This is analysed in terms of four main research issues: (1) the role of IOM in migration politics and its relationship to state sovereignty, (2) IOM’s managerial and market-inspired approach to the role of migration in the global economy, (3) IOM’s relationship to civil society and the implications of its activities in terms of human rights and humanitarian protection, and (4) IOM’s normative influence on the production of knowledge and the way migration is intellectually and politically constructed as a research and policy issue.

The Council of the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (ICEM) held its twentieth session on October 14–18, 1963, under the chairmanship of Mr. D. Ramon Huidobro, permanent Chilean representative to the European Office of the UN. ICEM Director B. W. Haveman keynoted a discussion of ICEM's proper role with his request that fuller use be made of ICEM's migration machinery which, he pointed out, had aided in the resettlement of some one and one-quarter million people during the past eleven years. Mr. Haveman's proposals for future action included: 1) making the good offices and machinery of ICEM available in areas in which ICEM did not at present operate; 2) establishing improved reception and placement services, especially in Latin America; 3) exploring the possibilities of making the fullest use of ICEM in carrying out governmental migration policies and programs; and 4) encouraging the settlement of European farmers in Latin America.

Research on European Union (EU)–Russia cooperation in migration issues often neglects important actors involved in these seemingly bilateral arrangements. This paper questions the role that the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) has been playing in the EU–Russia cooperation in migration management. The analysis is situated in the theoretical framework describing international organisations (IOs) as bureaucracies and within the discussions about international migration governance and migration management. The paper describes the context of the EU–Russia migration management cooperation and identifies the major activities of IOM in Russia. Treating IOs as bureaucracies that pursue their own interests, the paper argues that, far from being a mere implementing body, IOM is an actor that, to a significant extent, has shaped the outcome of EU–Russia migration dialogue. At the same time, it is the context of this bilateral cooperation that has allowed IOM to strengthen its position vis-à-vis both Russia and the EU and to be successful in the competition with other IOs.