Abstract
Since all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (As2O3) have become front-line drugs in treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), cure rates of APL patients have improved dramatically. However, resistance to ATRA and/or As2O3 has been a critical problem which has hampered the effect of treatment. In this review, some emerging mechanisms of resistance to ATRA and/or As2O3 in recent years, such as genetic mutations, disorders of cellular signal transduction, disorders of chromatin remodeling complex, abnormal regulation of cell apoptosis, and micro-environment mediated drug resistance are summarized. Key words: Leukemia, promyelocytic, acute; Drug resistance, neoplasm; Tretinoin
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