Abstract
This paper illustrates recent progresses in the development of the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method to simulate and post-process liquid spray generation. The simulation of a generic annular airblast atomizer is presented, in which a liquid sheet is fragmented by two concentric counter swirling air streams. The accent is put on how the SPH method can bridge the gap between the CAD geometry of a nozzle and its characterization, in terms of spray characteristics and dynamics. In addition, the Lagrangian nature of the SPH method allows to extract additional data to give further insight in the spraying process. First, the sequential breakup events can be tracked from one large liquid blob to very fine stable droplets. This is herein called the tree of fragmentation. From this tree of fragmentation, abstract quantities can be drawn such as the breakup activity and the fragmentation spectrum. Second, the Lagrangian coherent structures in the turbulent flow can be determined easily with the finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE). The extraction of the FTLE is particularly feasible in the SPH framework. Finally, it is pointed out that there is no universal and ultimate non-dimensional number that can characterize airblast primary breakup. Depending on the field of interest, a non-dimensional number (e.g. Weber number) might be more appropriate than another one (e.g. momentum flux ratio) to characterize the regime, and vice versa.
Highlights
Liquid atomization has a wide range of applications, such as in agriculture with the dispersion of fertilizer, in automotive industry with coating deposition or in turbomachinery with fuel injection
In this work a generic airblast atomizer operating high pressure with a highly viscous fluid was simulated by means of the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method
The geometry was directly converted from a CAD model to a particle file with the in-house tool CAD2SPH
Summary
Liquid atomization has a wide range of applications, such as in agriculture with the dispersion of fertilizer, in automotive industry with coating deposition or in turbomachinery with fuel injection. The numerical tool is a promising candidate to accelerate the design of new nozzles, in two manners It can simulate configurations in extreme conditions, with access to all flow quantities in the whole numerical domain. Most of the literature concerning the numerical simulation of annular airblast atomizers based on first principles is dedicated to coaxial flows where the liquid is injected as an axial jet enclosed in a high-speed airstream. There is no publications on the simulation based on first principles, of airblast atomizers where the liquid is injected as an annular sheet This is the configuration of the present study, which will be simulated with the use of the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method.
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