Abstract
The present situation regarding the hyperfine theory for free atoms and ions is reviewed. The validity of various atomic models, such as the independent-particle model (unrestricted HF) and the central-field model (restricted HF) is discussed. The general treatment is based on the perturbation expansion and the effective-operator analysis. The various contributions are illustrated by means of diagrams, and different numerical techniques for evaluating diagrams are discussed, such as the use of angular-momentum graphs and inhomogeneous differential equations. As illustrations recent many-body calculations for some s and p states of alkali atoms are shown and compared with experiments.
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