Abstract
Global warming is a serious challenge plant production has to face. Heat stress not only affects plant growth and development but also reduces crop yield and quality. Studying the response mechanisms of plants to heat stress will help humans use these mechanisms to improve the heat tolerance of plants, thereby reducing the harm of global warming to plant production. Research on plant heat tolerance has gradually become a hotspot in plant molecular biology research in recent years. In view of the special role of chloroplasts in the response to heat stress in plants, this review is focusing on three perspectives related to chloroplasts and their function in the response of heat stress in plants: the role of chloroplasts in sensing high temperatures, the transmission of heat signals, and the improvement of heat tolerance in plants. We also present our views on the future direction of research on chloroplast related heat tolerance in plants.
Highlights
Global warming and frequent extreme weather events have brought severe challenges to plant production
Temperatures persistently above what is optimal for plant growth and development may cause heat stress [2]
Heat stress affects protein stability and promotes ROS over-production, leading to protein misfolding and metabolic imbalance. All these alterations in plants caused by heat stress will alter the expression of heat stress responsive genes, such as HSFs and HSPs, leading to plant acclimation to heat stress, if the heat stress is non-lethal to plants [5]
Summary
Global warming and frequent extreme weather events have brought severe challenges to plant production. Temperatures persistently above what is optimal for plant growth and development may cause heat stress [2]. Heat stress affects protein stability and promotes ROS over-production, leading to protein misfolding and metabolic imbalance. All these alterations in plants caused by heat stress will alter the expression of heat stress responsive genes, such as HSFs and HSPs, leading to plant acclimation to heat stress, if the heat stress is non-lethal to plants [5]. Researchers have made much progress in understanding the response of chloroplasts to high-temperature stress, the transmission of heat signals by chloroplast retrograde signalling, the mechanism by which nuclear-encoded genes regulate chloroplast heat resistance, and their application to improving the heat resistance of plants. The prospect of improving plant heat tolerance through the regulation of chloroplast protein expression is discussed
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