Abstract
Photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers (PCSELs) have attracted considerable attention as a novel semiconductor laser that surpasses traditional semiconductor lasers. In this review article, we review the current progress of PCSELs, including the demonstration of large-area coherent oscillation, the control of beam patterns, the demonstration of beam steering, and the realization of watt-class and high-beam-quality operation. Furthermore, we show very recent progress in the exploration of high brightness of more than 300 MW cm−2 sr−1, obtained with a high output power of about 10 W while maintaining a high beam quality M2 ~ 2. The PCSELs with such high performances are expected to be applied to a variety of fields, such as laser-based material processing, optical sensing (light-detection and ranging (LiDAR)), and lighting, as they retain the benefits of compact and high-efficiency semiconductor lasers.
Highlights
Semiconductor lasers have been used in fields of information communication and optical storage, taking advantage of the superior characteristics of compactness, high efficiency, and a long lifetime
As typical semiconductor lasers suffer from limited brightness, which is due to their operation in multiple longitudinal and lateral modes when increasing the emission area to enhance optical output, their application in the fields of material processing, sensing and measurement, and medical and life sciences has been hindered
As new semiconductor lasers that principally enable the realization of high brightness, photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers (PCSELs), which utilize the band-edge resonant effect and enable large-area coherent oscillation, have attracted considerable attention [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17]
Summary
Semiconductor lasers have been used in fields of information communication and optical storage, taking advantage of the superior characteristics of compactness, high efficiency, and a long lifetime. As new semiconductor lasers that principally enable the realization of high brightness, photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers (PCSELs), which utilize the band-edge resonant effect and enable large-area coherent oscillation, have attracted considerable attention [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17]. Meier et al reported lasing using a triangular-lattice photonic crystal and organic gain materials [18] Their demonstrations did not show coherent two-dimensional (2D) oscillation, due to the lack of 2D coupling of light inside the photonic-crystal resonator at the band edges which they used (X- or M-point).
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