Abstract
The human oral microbiome refers to an ecological community of symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms found in the oral cavity. The oral cavity is an environment that provides various biological niches, such as the teeth, tongue, and oral mucosa. The oral cavity is the gateway between the external environment and the human body, maintaining oral homeostasis, protecting the mouth, and preventing disease. On the flip side, the oral microbiome also plays an important role in the triggering, development, and progression of oral and systemic diseases. In recent years, disease diagnosis through the analysis of the human oral microbiome has been realized with the recent development of innovative detection technology and is overwhelmingly promising compared to the previous era. It has been found that patients with oral and systemic diseases have variations in their oral microbiome compared to normal subjects. This narrative review provides insight into the pathophysiological role that the oral microbiome plays in influencing oral and systemic diseases and furthers the knowledge related to the oral microbiome produced over the past 30 years. A wide range of updates were provided with the latest knowledge of the oral microbiome to help researchers and clinicians in both academic and clinical aspects. The microbial community information can be utilized in non-invasive diagnosis and can help to develop a new paradigm in precision medicine, which will benefit human health in the era of post-metagenomics.
Highlights
The patterns of global diversity in any human microbiome based on analyses of partial 16S ribosomal RNA sequences from diverse locations around the world, the most frequent genus being Streptococcus, which accounted for 22.7% of the 101 bacterial genera, and 39 genera have not been previously described in the human oral cavity
Accumulated evidence suggests that the oral microbiome is individualized and relatively stable over time, as long as oral and general health are maintained
Substantial changes in key environmental parameters that affect microbial growth can disrupt the natural balance of the oral microbiome and select potentially pathogenic organisms
Summary
To identify and understand nomics technologies, such as next-generation sequencing and bioinformatic tools, the role of the microbiome in human health and disease. With the advent of innovative which deviate from the conventional culture-based detection method, the understanding genomics technologies, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and bioinformatic tools, of the contribution of the human microbiome to health is deepening [3]. The oral microbiome, oral microbiota, or oral microflora are microorganisms found of symbiotic, commensal, and pathogenic microorganisms that reside in the human body in [4].the human cavity, constituting bacteria, fungi, eukaryotes, and viruses The purpose of this review is to inform oral and general healthcare practitioners on the current knowledge of the oral microbiome in health and disease, to review how molecular methods of microbial characterization have advanced our understanding, and to discuss potential implications for clinical practice. We searched the literature via the PubMed and Google Scholar search engines, selected the top 169 articles that matched the theme for a period of 30 years prior to January 2021, and conducted an extensive and comprehensive narrative review
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