Abstract
Successful synthesis of ordered porous, multi-component complex materials requires a series of coordinated processes, typically including fabrication of a master template, deposition of materials within the pores to form a negative structure, and a third deposition or etching process to create the final, functional template. Translating the utility and the simplicity of the ordered nanoporous geometry of binary oxide templates to those comprising complex functional oxides used in energy, electronic, and biology applications has been met with numerous critical challenges. This review surveys the current state of commonly used complex material nanoporous template synthesis techniques derived from the base anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) geometry.
Highlights
The use of template-based synthetic processes has rapidly grown over the last two decades due to their relative simplicity compared to expensive lithographic approaches and effectiveness in producing scalable 1-D and 0-D nanostructure arrays
When the alumina self-organized mechanism was first reported by Keller more than 60 years ago, anodic aluminum oxide (AAO)
Another simple but innovative method was introduced to synthesize palladium (Pd) nanotubes, where AAO templates were first wetted by poly (D,L-lactide) (PDLLA)
Summary
The use of template-based synthetic processes has rapidly grown over the last two decades due to their relative simplicity compared to expensive lithographic approaches and effectiveness in producing scalable 1-D and 0-D nanostructure arrays. We review a new direction in nanoporous template production—translating the ordered porous arrays found in binary oxides to more complex, multi-component materials that are unable to be patterned by conventional anodization methods. For a two-step anodization, the high purity aluminum undergoes an initial anodization step followed by a chemical etching step (typically with chromic/phosphoric acid) that selectively removes the newly formed yet irregularly patterned aluminum oxide layer without damaging the aluminum substrate, resulting in an ordered and textured surface available for a second anodization. AAO fabrication technique and its direct applications in nanomaterials, we suggest reading some excellent review articles on AAO fundamental principles, techniques, and applications [18,29,30,31,32]
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