Abstract
Papillomaviruses are a group of small non-enveloped DNA tumor viruses with a virion size of ~55 nm in diameter. This group of viruses infects various animals from birds to mammals, including humans. Papillomaviruses replicate and assemble exclusively in the nucleus. The viral gene expression and replication proceed in a tightly controlled fashion regulated by keratinocyte differentiation. The viral gene expression leads to the expression of six nonstructural viral regulatory proteins (E1, E2, E4, E5, E6 and E7) from the early region of the viral genome and two structural viral capsid proteins (L1 and L2) from the late region of the [1]. E1 and E2 are involved in viral DNA replication and the regulation of early transcription. L1 and L2 are involved in capsid formation and E6 and E7 are mainly responsible for cancer cells growth [2].
Highlights
Papillomaviruses are a group of small non-enveloped DNA tumor viruses with a virion size of ~55 nm in diameter
More than one hundred human papillomavirus genotypes have been identified of which Human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and 18 are considered as high-risk type and responsible for 70% of cervical cancers worldwide, and HPV 6 and 11 are the predominant low-risk types that mostly cause genital warts
Two prophylactic vaccines, Gardasil (Merck, USA) and Cervarix (GlaxoSmithKline, UK) are available in the market. Both vaccines consist of the immunogenic L1 VLPs (Viral Like Particles) of HPV 16 and 18, with Gardasil containing additional 6 and 11 [4]
Summary
Papillomaviruses are a group of small non-enveloped DNA tumor viruses with a virion size of ~55 nm in diameter. Progress in Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Development The viral gene expression and replication proceed in a tightly controlled fashion regulated by keratinocyte differentiation.
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