Abstract
Exosomes are secreted by cells and are widely present in body fluids. Exosomes contain various molecular constituents of their cells of origin such as proteins, mRNA, miRNAs, DNA, lipid and glycans which are very similar as the content in tumor cells. These contents play an important role in various stages of tumor development, and make the tumor-derived exosome as a hot and emerging biomarker for various cancers diagnosis and management in non-invasive manner. The present problems of exosome isolation and detection hinder the application of exosomes. With the development of exosome isolation and detection technology, the contents of exosomes can be exploited for early cancer diagnosis. This review summarizes the recent progress on exosome-associated tumor biomarkers and some new technologies for exosome isolation and detection. Furthermore, we have also discussed the future development direction in exosome analysis methods.
Highlights
Exosomes are secreted by cells and are widely present in body fluids
In one prostate cancer diagnosis study, it showed that levels of CLDN3 in exosome were higher in patients with Gleason≥8 tumors than that patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (p = 0.012) and Gleason 6–7 tumors (p = 0.029), and higher levels of annexin (CD62, CD81), heat shock proteins (Hsp70, Hsp90) and many signal molecules (TGF-β2, TNF-α, IL-6 TSG101) were expressed in prostate cancer cell-derived exosome cultured in hypoxic condition than that of normally cultured cells
There is still a long way to go before exosomes become a routine testing item in tumor diagnosis
Summary
Exosomes contain various molecular constituents of their cells of origin such as proteins, mRNA, miRNAs, DNA, lipid and glycans which are very similar as the content in tumor cells These contents play an important role in various stages of tumor development, and make the tumor-derived exosome as a hot and emerging biomarker for various cancers diagnosis and management in non-invasive manner. Given the rich molecular composition of exosomes and easy availability of liquid biopsy sample, many researchers [4] are pursuing to develop non-invasive diagnostic methods with higher sensitivity and specificity based on exosome, which has very high potential to help early diagnosis, treatment evaluation, and prognostic analysis of the disease. Liu Q et al [9] found that level of exosome in plasma increases with tumor stage progression in 208 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cohort patients (P < 0.001).
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