Progress in diagnosis and treatment of mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma of biliary-pancreatic system

Abstract

With the application of many kinds of advanced examination techniques, the detectable rate of mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC) of the biliary-pancreatic system has increased substantially. This kind of tumor with high degree of malignancy is rarely seen. Thus, the clinical studies are difficult to carry out, most of which are just case reports. Besides, its treatments do not work effectively, albeit the diagnosis and management have changed tremendously. To deepen the understanding of MANEC of biliary-pancreatic system, this article is an overview making a generalization and summarization of the related literature as well as reviewing the main diagnosis and therapies of these rare tumors. In addition, it lays the foundation for clinical diagnosis and treatment in the future.