Abstract
Antibiotic resistance, and, in a broader perspective, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), continues to evolve and spread beyond all boundaries. As a result, infectious diseases have become more challenging or even impossible to treat, leading to an increase in morbidity and mortality. Despite the failure of conventional, traditional antimicrobial therapy, in the past two decades, no novel class of antibiotics has been introduced. Consequently, several novel alternative strategies to combat these (multi-) drug-resistant infectious microorganisms have been identified. The purpose of this review is to gather and consider the strategies that are being applied or proposed as potential alternatives to traditional antibiotics. These strategies include combination therapy, techniques that target the enzymes or proteins responsible for antimicrobial resistance, resistant bacteria, drug delivery systems, physicochemical methods, and unconventional techniques, including the CRISPR-Cas system. These alternative strategies may have the potential to change the treatment of multi-drug-resistant pathogens in human clinical settings.
Highlights
Multiple antimicrobials have been developed and marketed over many decades with one common objective–to treat and cure mild to serious infections
In a study to investigate the effect of combining antibiotics and biocides using three antibiotics and seven biocides having different modes of action tested against P. aeruginosa, the results demonstrated different combinations of effects varying between synergism and antagonism [34]
Atmospheric Pressure Non-Thermal Plasma (APNTP) in vitro application for a range of microorganisms indicated that it is effective in the inactivation of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites
Summary
Multiple antimicrobials have been developed and marketed over many decades with one common objective–to treat and cure mild to serious infections. Antifungal ( known as anti-mycotic) and anti-parasitic agents have emerged as crucial tools to combat infection. While these antimicrobials have played a critical role in improving our health and life expectancy, their utility has largely been compromised by the emergence of the phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in response to antimicrobials. The WHO has officially recognized that antibiotics and other antimicrobial medications are becoming increasingly ineffective as a result of AMR, and illnesses have become more difficult or even impossible to treat [1] The OIE (World Organization for Animal Health) international committee unanimously adopted the list of Antimicrobial Agents of Veterinary Importance at its 75th general session in May 2007 [2]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
