Abstract
Despite the high regenerative capacity of bone tissue, there are some cases where bone repair is insufficient for a complete functional and structural recovery after damage. Current surgical techniques utilize natural and synthetic bone grafts for bone healing, as well as collagen sponges loaded with drugs. However, there are certain disadvantages associated with these techniques in clinical usage. To improve the therapeutic efficacy of bone tissue regeneration, a number of drug delivery systems based on biodegradable natural and synthetic polymers were developed and examined in in vitro and in vivo studies. Recent studies have demonstrated that biodegradable polymers play a key role in the development of innovative drug delivery systems and tissue engineered constructs, which improve the treatment and regeneration of damaged bone tissue. In this review, we discuss the most recent advances in the field of polymer-based drug delivery systems for the promotion of bone tissue regeneration and the physical-chemical modifications of polymers for controlled and sustained release of one or more drugs. In addition, special attention is given to recent developments on polymer nano- and microparticle-based drug delivery systems for bone regeneration.
Highlights
Bone tissue has a high regenerative ability, large bone defects produced by cancer, tumor resection, severe mechanical trauma, infectious diseases and congenital disorders do not recover spontaneously and require considerable amounts of bone grafting [1,2]
bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)-2 binds to heparin-conjugated fibrin and controlled delivery from fibrin hydrogels enhances their effect on formation and vascularization of a new bone [33]
Multiple studies showed that biodegradable natural and synthetic polymers play a key role in the development of innovative drug delivery systems and tissue engineered constructs, which improve the treatment and regeneration of damaged bone tissue
Summary
Bone tissue has a high regenerative ability, large bone defects produced by cancer, tumor resection, severe mechanical trauma, infectious diseases and congenital disorders do not recover spontaneously and require considerable amounts of bone grafting [1,2]. Biodegradable synthetic polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF), polycaprolactone (PCL) can and readily be fabricated into desired shapes with relatively high mechanical strength, but they are not fully appropriate for the generation of bioactive and biocompatible tissues [15,16,17] Natural polymers, such as collagen, gelatin, hyaluronic acid, fibrin, alginate and chitosan, are excellent scaffolds for cell growth and adhesion, but their weak mechanical properties render them susceptible to compression when transplanted into the defective area [18]. We discuss the types of delivery systems and controlled release of growth factors and the potential use of polymer nanoparticle- and microparticle-based drug delivery systems in bone regeneration
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