Abstract
Biotechnological approaches have been used to modify the floral color, size, and fragrance of ornamental plants, as well as to increase disease resistance and vase life. Together with the advancement of whole genome sequencing technologies, new plant breeding techniques have rapidly emerged in recent years. Compared to the early versions of gene editing tools, such as meganucleases (MNs), zinc fingers (ZFNs), and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) is capable of altering a genome more efficiently and with higher accuracy. Most recently, new CRISPR systems, including base editors and prime editors, confer reduced off-target activity with improved DNA specificity and an expanded targeting scope. However, there are still controversial issues worldwide for the recognition of genome-edited plants, including whether genome-edited plants are genetically modified organisms and require a safety evaluation process. In the current review, we briefly summarize the current progress in gene editing systems and also introduce successful/representative cases of the CRISPR system application for the improvement of ornamental plants with desirable traits. Furthermore, potential challenges and future prospects in the use of genome-editing tools for ornamental plants are also discussed.
Highlights
Introduction of GenomeEditing TechnologiesFloricultural crops are an economically fundamental part of horticulture production systems.In particular, the major types of cut flowers, such as carnations, chrysanthemums, roses, and tulips, play a crucial role in the horticultural industry because of their aesthetic importance
We summarize the engineered nucleases that have been used for genome editing and consider their current applications in ornamental plants
The applications of transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) are based on the recognition of the functional principles of the transcription activator-like (TAL)-type III effectors that are derived from the plant pathogenic bacteria
Summary
Floricultural crops are an economically fundamental part of horticulture production systems. Conventional breeding techniques, such as hybridization and mutation breeding technologies, have long been employed, and these techniques have been widely used to produce various colors and shapes, as well as improve plant architecture and disease resistance. These conventional methods have several limitations and drawbacks for ornamental plants because many of them are highly heterozygous, Plants 2020, 9, 687; doi:10.3390/plants9060687 www.mdpi.com/journal/plants. New genome-editing technologies, such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats–CRISPR-associated 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) and CRISPR from Prevotella and Francisella 1 (CRISPR-Cpf1), have been developed for the genetic modification of organisms, including ornamental plant species. We discuss the challenges of genome editing for the production of ornamental plants with desirable/better traits
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