Abstract
Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) essential oil (LEO) is extremely popular and beneficial. In the present study, LEO was extracted with green ultrasound-assisted supercritical CO2 (UscCO2) and other classical methodologies. The highest yield of LEO (5.32 % (w/w)) was achieved with the UscCO2 process, followed by hexane extraction (4.32%), scCO2 extraction (3.94 %) and hydrodistillation (HD; 3.69 %). The contents of two dominant aromatic ingredients, linalool (29.93 %) and linalyl acetate (35.08 %), obtained by the UscCO2 procedure were also the highest. Remarkably, the linalyl acetate content in UscCO2-derived LEO was nearly triple that in LEO extracted via HD (12.33 %). The novel UscCO2 technique not only provided the highest LEO quality but also revealed the highest extraction efficiency under mild extraction parameters. The dynamic solubility of LEO in the UscCO2 and scCO2 procedures was further determined to confirm the kinetic efficacy. The dynamic solubility was simulated with three density-based models, which provided excellent agreement with the experimental results. The approximate heat of vaporization, total heat of solution and heat of solvation obtained from UscCO2 dynamic extraction of LEO were significantly lower than those obtained from the scCO2 procedure. The kinetic and thermal effects of ultrasonic energy substantially contributed to the excellent performance of UscCO2.
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