Prognostic Value of Serum MICA Levels as a Marker of Severity in COVID-19 Patients

Abstract

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 global pandemic and high mortality rates necessitate the development of diagnostic and prognostic tools, as well as expanding testing capacity. Existing methods for detecting and characterizing SARS-CoV-2 infection are typically based on viral genome detection or measuring COVID-19-specific antibody levels. Despite their value, these methods are unable to predict disease outcomes in patients. Given the critical role of innate immune cells, particularly natural killer (NK) cells, in antiviral defense, this study sought to determine the prognostic value of serum secretory MHC class I polypeptide–related sequence A (sMICA) levels as an essential ligand for the NKG2D receptor, the master regulator of NK cell development and responsiveness. Serum MICA levels were measured by ELISA assay. Sera (n = 60) from SARS-CoV-2 positive patients were collected, and disease severity was determined using clinical criteria. The patient group included 30 patients with mild disease and 30 severely ill patients, as well as 30 healthy controls. Our findings revealed that serum MICA levels were significantly higher in patients than in controls, especially in cases with severe complications (P < .0001). Higher serum MICA levels may be associated with respiratory failure in COVID-19 and may serve as a marker of clinical severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, particularly when clinical manifestations are insufficient to make a confident prediction.