Prognostic utility of diffusion-weighted MRI in oesophageal cancer: is apparent diffusion coefficient a potential marker of tumour aggressiveness?

Abstract

To investigate the role of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) as a potential prognostic biomarker in the evaluation of the aggressiveness of oesophageal cancer. Between November 2009 and December 2013, 43 patients with evidence of oesophageal or oesophago-gastric junction cancer were referred to our institution and prospectively entered in our database. The final study population consisted of 23 patients (18 men; 5 women; mean age, 64.62±10.91years) who underwent diffusion-weighted Magnetic Resonance before surgical intervention. Specifically, 14 were directly treated with surgery and 9 were addressed to chemo/radiotherapy beforehand. Two radiologists independently measured mean tumour ADC and inter-observer agreement (Spearman's and intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]) was assessed. In the univariate analysis, overall survival curves related to pathological ADC, pT, pN, tumour location and histotype were fitted using the Kaplan-Meier method. Survival curves were then compared using the log-rank test. Inter-observer reproducibility was very good (Spearman's rho=0.95; ICC=0.94). At a total median follow-up of 19months (2-49months), 4 patients had died. The median follow-up was 18.50months (5-49months) for the surgery-only group (1/4 events, 25%) and 24months (2-34months) for the chemo/radiotherapy group (3/4 events, 75%). Survival time at 48months for the overall population was 59% (±0.11), while for the surgery-only group and the chemo/radiotherapy group was 90% (±0.09) and 61% (±0.34), respectively. In the univariate analysis, ADC values below or equal to 1.4×10(-3)mm(2)/s were associated with a negative prognosis both in the total population (P=0.016) and in the surgery-only group (P<0.001). Despite the biggest limitation of our study (i.e. the small study population), we were able to show that pathological ADC could be considered a prognostic factor for oesophageal cancer. DWI might be introduced into clinical practice as a promising and reliable technique in the diagnostic pathway of this tumour.