Prognostic Significance of Grade Discrepancy Between Primary Tumor and Venous Thrombus in Nonmetastatic Clear-cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Analysis of the REMEMBER Registry and Implications for Adjuvant Therapy

Abstract

BackgroundFurther stratification of the risk of recurrence of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) with venous tumor thrombus (VTT) will facilitate selection of candidates for adjuvant therapy. ObjectiveTo assess the impact of tumor grade discrepancy (GD) between the primary tumor (PT) and VTT in nonmetastatic ccRCC on disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and cancer-specific survival (CSS). Design, setting, and participantsThis was a retrospective analysis of a multi-institutional nationwide data set for patients with pT3N0M0 ccRCC who underwent radical nephrectomy and thrombectomy. Outcomes measurements and statistical analysisPathology slides were centrally reviewed. GD, a bidirectional variable (upgrading or downgrading), was numerically defined as the VTT grade minus the PT grade. Multivariable models were built to predict DFS, OS, and CSS. Results and limitationsWe analyzed data for 604 patients with median follow-up of 42 mo (excluding events). Tumor GD between VTT and PT was observed for 47% (285/604) of the patients and was an independent risk factor with incremental value in predicting the outcomes of interest (all p < 0.05). Incorporation of tumor GD significantly improved the performance of the ECOG-ACRIN 2805 (ASSURE) model. A GD-based model (PT grade, GD, pT stage, PT sarcomatoid features, fat invasion, and VTT consistency) had a c index of 0.72 for DFS. The hazard ratios were 8.0 for GD = +2 (p < 0.001), 1.9 for GD = +1 (p < 0.001), 0.57 for GD = −1 (p = 0.001), and 0.22 for GD = −2 (p = 0.003) versus GD = 0 as the reference. According to model-converted risk scores, DFS, OS, and CSS significantly differed between subgroups with low, intermediate, and high risk (all p < 0.001). ConclusionsRoutine reporting of VTT upgrading or downgrading in relation to the PT and use of our GD-based nomograms can facilitate more informed treatment decisions by tailoring strategies to an individual patient’s risk of progression. Patient summaryWe developed a tool to improve patient counseling and guide decision-making on other therapies in addition to surgery for patients with the clear-cell type of kidney cancer and tumor invasion of a vein.