Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a chronic inflammatory disease modulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, is associated with cardiovascular disease. Standard modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (SMuRFs; hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension, diabetes and smoking) and non-traditional risk factors (NTRFs; chronic renal impairment, obstructive sleep apnoea and obesity) are established drivers of cardiovascular disease; however, their impact remains undefined in populations with SLE. We sought to assess the prognostic impact of SMuRFs and NTRFs in patients with SLE.
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