Abstract
BackgroundIn radical radiochemotherapy (RCT) of inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) typical prognostic factors include T- and N-stage, while there are still conflicting data on the prognostic relevance of gross tumor volume (GTV) and particularly its changes during RCT. The NCT03055715 study of the Young DEGRO working group of the German Society of Radiation Oncology (DEGRO) evaluated the prognostic impact of GTV and its changes during RCT.MethodsA total of 21 university centers for radiation oncology from five different European countries (Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Belgium, and Austria) participated in the study which evaluated n = 347 patients with confirmed (biopsy) inoperable NSCLC in UICC stage III A/B who received radical curative-intent RCT between 2010 and 2013. Patient and disease data were collected anonymously via electronic case report forms and entered into the multi-institutional RadPlanBio platform for central data analysis. GTV before RCT (initial planning CT, GTV1) and at 40–50 Gy (re-planning CT for radiation boost, GTV2) was delineated. Absolute GTV before/during RCT and relative GTV changes were correlated with overall survival as the primary endpoint. Hazard ratios (HR) of survival analysis were estimated by means of adjusted Cox regression models.ResultsGTV1 was found to have a mean of 154.4 ml (95%CI: 1.5–877) and GTV2 of 106.2 ml (95% CI: 0.5–589.5), resulting in an estimated reduction of 48.2 ml (p < 0.001). Median overall survival (OS) was 18.8 months with a median of 22.1, 20.9, and 12.6 months for patients with high, intermediate, and low GTV before RT. Considering all patients, in one survival model of overall mortality, GTV2 (2.75 (1.12–6.75, p = 0.03) was found to be a stronger survival predictor than GTV1 (1.34 (0.9–2, p > 0.05). In patients with available data on both GTV1 and GTV2, absolute GTV1 before RT was not significantly associated with survival (HR 0–69, 0.32–1.49, p > 0.05) but GTV2 significantly predicted OS in a model adjusted for age, T stage, and chemotherapy, with an HR of 3.7 (1.01–13.53, p = 0.04) per 300 ml. The absolute decrease from GTV1 to GTV2 was correlated to survival, where every decrease by 50 ml reduced the HR by 0.8 (CI 0.64–0.99, p = 0.04). There was no evidence for a survival effect of the relative change between GTV1 and GTV2.ConclusionOur results indicate that independently of T stage, the re-planning GTV during RCT is a significant and superior survival predictor compared to baseline GTV before RT. Patients with a high absolute (rather than relative) change in GTV during RT show a superior survival outcome after RCT.
Highlights
In radical radiochemotherapy (RCT) of inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) typical prognostic factors include T- and N-stage, while there are still conflicting data on the prognostic relevance of gross tumor volume (GTV) and its changes during RCT
The hazard ratio (HR) for death for patients with intermediate (47.8–217.6 ml) and high GTV1 (220–877 ml) vs. low GTV1 (
When adenocarcinoma patients were compared with SCC patients, the Hazard ratios (HR) for the absolute GTV reduction from GTV1 to GTV2 was 0.98 in the crude and 0.66 (0.47–0.93) in the adjusted model for SCC
Summary
In radical radiochemotherapy (RCT) of inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) typical prognostic factors include T- and N-stage, while there are still conflicting data on the prognostic relevance of gross tumor volume (GTV) and its changes during RCT. Methods A total of 21 university centers for radiation oncology from five different European countries (Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Belgium, and Austria) participated in the study which evaluated n = 347 patients with confirmed (biopsy) inoperable NSCLC in UICC stage III A/B who received radical curative-intent RCT between 2010 and 2013. Absolute GTV before/during RCT and relative GTV changes were correlated with overall survival as the primary endpoint. Hazard ratios (HR) of survival analysis were estimated by means of adjusted Cox regression models. In patients with available data on both GTV1 and GTV2, absolute GTV1 before RT was not significantly associated with survival (HR 0–69, 0.32–1.49, p > 0.05) but GTV2 significantly predicted OS in a model adjusted for age, T stage, and chemotherapy, with an HR of 3.7 (1.01–13.53, p = 0.04) per 300 ml. Patients with a high absolute (rather than relative) change in GTV during RT show a superior survival outcome after RCT
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