Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D) as a worldwide chronic disease combined with the COVID-19 pandemic prompts the need for improving the management of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with preexisting T2D to reduce complications and the risk of death. This study aimed to identify clinical factors associated with COVID-19 outcomes specifically targeted at T2D patients and build an individualized risk prediction nomogram for risk stratification and early clinical intervention to reduce mortality. Methods In this retrospective study, the clinical characteristics of 382 confirmed COVID-19 patients, consisting of 108 with and 274 without preexisting T2D, from January 8 to March 7, 2020, in Tianyou Hospital in Wuhan, China, were collected and analyzed. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were performed to identify specific clinical factors associated with mortality of COVID-19 patients with T2D. An individualized risk prediction nomogram was developed and evaluated by discrimination and calibration. Results Nearly 15% (16/108) of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with T2D died. Twelve risk factors predictive of mortality were identified. Older age (HR = 1.076, 95% CI = 1.014–1.143, p=0.016), elevated glucose level (HR = 1.153, 95% CI = 1.038–1.28, p=0.0079), increased serum amyloid A (SAA) (HR = 1.007, 95% CI = 1.001–1.014, p=0.022), diabetes treatment with only oral diabetes medication (HR = 0.152, 95%CI = 0.032–0.73, p=0.0036), and oral medication plus insulin (HR = 0.095, 95%CI = 0.019–0.462, p=0.019) were independent prognostic factors. A nomogram based on these prognostic factors was built for early prediction of 7-day, 14-day, and 21-day survival of diabetes patients. High concordance index (C-index) was achieved, and the calibration curves showed the model had good prediction ability within three weeks of COVID-19 onset. Conclusions By incorporating specific prognostic factors, this study provided a user-friendly graphical risk prediction tool for clinicians to quickly identify high-risk T2D patients hospitalized for COVID-19.
Highlights
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by a novel betacoronavirus, has been declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization [1, 2]
We identified clinical factors associated with COVID-19 outcomes targeted at Type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients and built a nomogram for clinicians to quickly identify high-risk T2D patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and for patients to do self-monitoring through risk assessment
Patients were included based on the following criteria: (1) age ≥18 years, (2) chest computer tomography (CT) scans were performed at the time of admission and discharge, (3) blood glucose and other routine laboratory tests were performed on admission, and (4) treatments, complications, and definitive clinical outcomes were clearly recorded between admission and the final follow-up date. is study was approved by the institutional ethics board of Tianyou Hospital, affiliated to the Wuhan University of Science and Technology (Ethical application no.: WKDTY-2020039)
Summary
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by a novel betacoronavirus (named severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus 2, or SARS-CoV-2), has been declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization [1, 2]. Its high prevalence combined with the poor COVID-19 clinical outcomes prompts the need for improving the management of diabetic patients to reduce complications and the risk of death. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) as a worldwide chronic disease combined with the COVID-19 pandemic prompts the need for improving the management of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with preexisting T2D to reduce complications and the risk of death. Is study aimed to identify clinical factors associated with COVID-19 outcomes targeted at T2D patients and build an individualized risk prediction nomogram for risk stratification and early clinical intervention to reduce mortality. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were performed to identify specific clinical factors associated with mortality of COVID-19 patients with T2D. By incorporating specific prognostic factors, this study provided a user-friendly graphical risk prediction tool for clinicians to quickly identify high-risk T2D patients hospitalized for COVID-19
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