Abstract
Renal function biomarkers are important for understanding and predicting the evolution of heart failure (HF). To that effect, clearance markers, including creatinine and cystatin-c, have long played important roles [1–3]. Alternate markers, such as urine protein and tubular damage markers, have recently been found to have prognostic implications, independent of the traditional markers of renal clearance [4–6]. Urine osmolality (uOsm) is accurately measured using the freezing point depression method and provides important information regarding the water–electrolyte balance and neurohormonal activation [7].
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