Abstract
Bidens pilosa is an edible herb from the Asteraceae family which is traditionally consumed as a leafy vegetable. B. pilosa has many bioactivities owing to its diverse phytochemicals, which include aliphatics, terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids, hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) derivatives and other phenylpropanoids. The later include compounds such as chlorogenic acids (CGAs), which are produced as either regio- or geometrical isomers. To profile the CGA composition of B. pilosa, methanol extracts from tissues, callus and cell suspensions were utilized for liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometric detection (UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). An optimized in-source collision-induced dissociation (ISCID) method capable of discriminating between closely related HCA derivatives of quinic acids, based on MS-based fragmentation patterns, was applied. Careful control of collision energies resulted in fragment patterns similar to MS2 and MS3 fragmentation, obtainable by a typical ion trap MSn approach. For the first time, an ISCID approach was shown to efficiently discriminate between positional isomers of chlorogenic acids containing two different cinnamoyl moieties, such as a mixed di-ester of feruloyl-caffeoylquinic acid (m/z 529) and coumaroyl-caffeoylquinic acid (m/z 499). The results indicate that tissues and cell cultures of B. pilosa contained a combined total of 30 mono-, di-, and tri-substituted chlorogenic acids with positional isomers dominating the composition thereof. In addition, the tartaric acid esters, caftaric- and chicoric acids were also identified. Profiling revealed that these HCA derivatives were differentially distributed across tissues types and cell culture lines derived from leaf and stem explants.
Highlights
Bidens pilosa L. (B. pilosa) is a flowering edible herb from the family Asteraceae, commonly known as “Blackjack” and as “Beggar’s tick” or “Needle grass” and has been reported to be a nutritious food and medicine source [1,2,3]
hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) derivatives were shown to be a prominent group of metabolites in methanol extracts of B. pilosa and extracts from stem- and leaf-derived callus and cell suspensions (Figure S1A,B), shown in base tissues (Figure 1) and extracts from stem‐ and leaf‐derived callus and cell suspensions
The protocol outlined in this study offers possibilities for sustainable production of biochemically important phenolic compounds in cell suspension cultures of B. pilosa as reported for the first time in this study
Summary
Bidens pilosa L. (B. pilosa) is a flowering edible herb from the family Asteraceae, commonly known as “Blackjack” and as “Beggar’s tick” or “Needle grass” and has been reported to be a nutritious food and medicine source [1,2,3]. (B. pilosa) is a flowering edible herb from the family Asteraceae, commonly known as “Blackjack” and as “Beggar’s tick” or “Needle grass” and has been reported to be a nutritious food and medicine source [1,2,3]. This plant is thought to have originated from South America but has spread to most tropical hot areas including African countries [4]. A variety of environmental factors (soil fertility, salinity, temperature, light, and soil water) can result in fluctuations in plant secondary metabolites which can lead to significant changes in the plant’s phytochemical composition [15]. A range of chemicals produced by parent plants can be reproduced in cell cultures as a result of plant cells being totipotent and their retention of the plant’s genetic information [11,17]
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