Profiles and determinants of dicofol, endosulfans, mirex, and toxaphenes in breast milk samples from 10 prefectures in Japan

Abstract

Human exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is reflected by POP concentrations in breast milk. Many studies of POPs in breast milk have been performed in Japan, but insufficient information is available about some legacy POPs (e.g., mirex and toxaphenes, included in the Stockholm Convention in 2001) and novel POPs (e.g., dicofol and endosulfans, included in the Stockholm Convention in 2019 and 2011, respectively). In this study, dicofol, endosulfan, mirex, and toxaphene concentrations in breast milk from 10 prefectures in Japan were determined. The samples were collected between 2005 and 2010, before Stockholm Convention restrictions on endosulfans and mirex were implemented. Common POPs (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) were also analyzed to allow the contamination statuses to be compared. The α-endosulfan and β-endosulfan concentrations were 0.26–13 and 0.012–0.82 ng/g lipid, respectively. The toxaphene #26 and #50 concentrations were <0.08–5.6 and < 0.1–8.5 ng/g lipid, respectively. The dicofol concentrations were <0.01–4.8 ng/g lipid. The mirex concentrations were <0.2–3.5 ng/g lipid. The α- and β-endosulfan concentrations on a lipid weight basis negatively correlated with the lipid contents of the milk samples (ρ = −0.65, p < 0.01 for α-endosulfan; ρ = −0.58, p < 0.01 for β-endosulfan). The toxaphene concentrations positively correlated with the lipid contents. The mirex concentrations positively correlated with the maternal age but negatively correlated with the maternal body mass index. No correlations between the dicofol concentrations and the factors were found. Principal component analysis divided the data into four groups, (1) chlordanes, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes and related compounds, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexanes, hexachloroethane, and polychlorinated biphenyls, (2) endosulfans, (3) dicofol, dieldrin, and toxaphenes, and (4) bromodiphenyl ether 47. This indicated that bromodiphenyl ether 47, dicofol, endosulfans, and toxaphenes have different exposure routes or different kinetics to the other legacy POPs.