Abstract
In this study, the agricultural inputs, energy requirements and costs associated with the production of semi-dwarf (PR45 D03 and Avenir) and long-stem (Visby) cultivars of winter oilseed rape were optimized in an experiment with 35-1 fractional factorial design. A field experiment was carried out in the Agricultural Experiment Station in Bałcyny (north-eastern Poland) in 2008–2011. The study investigated the responses of two morphotypes of hybrid cultivars of winter oilseed rape to key yield-forming factors (seeding date, seeding rate, nitrogen fertilization) and yield protection factors (fungal disease control). Agronomic inputs were tested at three levels. Our findings indicate that production technologies (characterized by a different intensity of agricultural inputs) should target the specific requirements of winter oilseed rape cultivars. Semi-dwarf cultivars of winter oilseed rape (PR45 D03 and Avenir) were characterized by higher yield potential at different input levels than the long-stem cultivar (Visby). Semi-dwarf cultivars required higher levels of agricultural inputs than the long-stem cultivar. Semi-dwarf cultivars grown in high-input technologies were characterized by the highest energy efficiency ratio. In contrast, the long-stem cultivar was characterized by the optimal energy input-energy output ratio in the low-input technology. Regardless of cultivar, high-input production technologies were more profitable because the resulting increase in seed yield significantly outweighed the rise in production costs.
Highlights
Growing food and energy requirements around the world increase the demand for plant biomass.Global food security, in particular in quantitative terms, is determined mainly by the production of cereals and protein and oilseed crops
In all low-input production technologies, this semi-dwarf cultivar of winter oilseed rape was sown with a delay (B2) in each year of the study
The difference between the extreme yield groups was significantly smaller in the long-stem cultivar than in the semi-dwarf cultivars of winter oilseed rape (Tables 3–5). These results indicate that the choice of a sub-optimal production technology can have far more adverse consequences in the semi-dwarf than in long-stem cultivars of winter oilseed rape
Summary
In particular in quantitative terms (physical availability of food), is determined mainly by the production of cereals (wheat, rice and corn) and protein and oilseed crops (soybeans, rapeseed). In 1998–2017, grain production increased by 2% y−1 , and the corresponding rise in the production of oilseed crops was three-fold higher (5–6% y−1 ) [1]. The global increase in cereal and rapeseed production was induced mainly by higher yields (2% and 3% y−1 , respectively) [1]. In the last three fiscal years (2015–2017), the European Union countries (30% of the global output), Canada (28%), China (19%) and India (10%) were the world’s leading producers of rapeseed [1]. On the EU market, 46% of rapeseed is produced by Germany and France, of which the combined annual output is estimated at 9.7 Tg Mg−1 [1]. In 2008–2017, Germany and Great Britain were the only leading
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