Abstract
AbstractThe deep nitrogen (N) fertilization coupled with mechanical pot‐seedling transplanting rice (DNF‐MPT) is an effective alternative to traditional transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) with broadcasting fertilizer; however, little is known about its effects on grain yield, nutrient accumulation, and economic profitability. In present study, a 2‐yr field experiment was conducted in early seasons (Mar.–July) of 2019 and 2020. All seedlings were transplanted by DNF‐MPT, whereas four treatments were designed as mechanized deep placement of all fertilizers as basal fertilizer (MD); mechanized deep placement of 70% basal fertilizer and 30% broadcasting fertilizers at panicle initiation (MDB); manual broadcasting of 40, 30, and 30% fertilizers at the transplanting, tillering, and panicle initiation stages, respectively (MB); and no fertilizer (CK). The results indicated that the MD treatment substantially improved the grain yield by 33.48–36.35%, total N accumulation by 26.38–44.15%, total phosphorus (P) accumulation by 28.72–30.23%, and total potassium (K) accumulation by 25.61–37.33% compared with MB. Deep placement of N fertilization treatments, that is, MD and MDB, remarkably promoted root morphological indexes including total root volume, total root length, and root superficial area. Furthermore, nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase activities, and total chlorophyll content of leaves were also enhanced under deep placement of N fertilizer. Overall, the MD treatment had the highest benefit/cost ratio due to high gross returns and low input costs. Therefore, deep placement of N fertilizer coupled with mechanical pot‐seedling transplanting rice could be better alternative to conventional rice production system with more economic benefits.
Highlights
The deep nitrogen (N) fertilization coupled with mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice (DNF-MPT) is an effective alternative to traditional transplanted rice with broadcasting fertilizer, little is known about its effects on grain yield, nutrient accumulation, and economic profitability
Deep placement of N fertilizer coupled with mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice could be better alternative to conventional rice production system with more economic benefits
Deep N fertilization coupled with mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice is an effective rice production strategy, little is known about the its effects on grain yield, nutrient accumulation, root characteristics, and economic benefits in rice
Summary
The deep nitrogen (N) fertilization coupled with mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice (DNF-MPT) is an effective alternative to traditional transplanted rice with broadcasting fertilizer, little is known about its effects on grain yield, nutrient accumulation, and economic profitability. China is the largest rice producer, currently accounting for 35% of the world's total rice production (Kong et al, 2017). Rice production becomes very important to feed the growing population in China and other parts of the world (Chen et al, 2018). At present, transplanting is still the most important rice planting method in most parts of China, which is accounting for 50% of country's rice cultivation area (Peng et al, 2009). Improving the mechanization in rice production systems could solve the problem of labor shortage with better economic efficiencies
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