Productive and morphological features of females and calves of domestic deer of the Evenk and Nenets breeds during the calving period

Abstract

Purpose: to conduct a comparative description of the productive and morphological characteristics of domestic reindeer of the Nenets and Evenki breeds.Materials and methods. Study of the morphological, behavioral and reproductive characteristics of domestic reindeer of the Nenets and Evenki breeds, kept in various natural and climatic conditions of the tundra and northern taiga, during the calving and dairy periods. Experimental data were collected from clinically healthy animals. The research was carried out in accordance with the basic methods of zootechnical research (observation, examination). Their gender (visually) and age were determined (using ear tags and animal registration data, and, if necessary, based on the degree of tooth wear); An assessment of the exterior of the reindeer herd was carried out before the rut to select males and females for mating. Methods of visual assessment, linear measurements of animals, and field chronometry of calving were used.Results. The Evenki breed of deer is distinguished by its large size, height, high load-carrying capacity and endurance when transporting goods and people. It has been established that the dynamics of calving of domestic reindeer of the Evenki breed is identical to the dynamics of calving of Nenets reindeer, but there are some peculiarities. In the tundra zone, calving takes 3—5 days longer, and the initial phase begins (on average) 7-10 days earlier than in the taiga zone. The live weight of Evenki breed calves at birth is 0.8 kg higher than that of Nenets breed calves. The intensity of growth up to 3 months of age is higher in the early, mass and late periods of calving. It has been established that calves of the early calving period exceed in live weight at birth and its growth the calves of the mass period, and those, in turn, exceed the calves of the late calving period. This pattern can be traced up to 6 months of age. Calves of early and mass calving periods, having the potential for rapid growth, find themselves in more favorable nutritional conditions in the first months of life than late calves. This is expressed in the ability to receive green pasture food 15-25 days earlier and be stronger by the time the blood-sucking dipterous insects appear. Early calving Nenets calves are more active at night, since there is still a lot of snow in the tundra zone during this period and the temperature sometimes drops below 0ºC.