Abstract
This study aimed to produce some chemically modified adsorbents (CMA) from some field crops by- products to reduce ochratoxin A (OTA). Chemical modification was performed on broken rice starch, soybean hulls, and wheat bran to produce acetylated rice starch (ARS 8, ARS 16%), modified soybean hulls (MSH), and micronized wheat bran (MWB). The presence of the new functional groups due to chemical modification was checked via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) method. The incidence of OTA in four types of commercial apple juice samples was studied. The efficacy of the chemically modified adsorbents (CMA) for reducing OTA at 500 and 1000 mg was tested via HPLC method and applied at contaminated apple juice samples. From FTIR different stretching bonds and new functional groups at different band positions relates to chemical modification were detected. MSH, MWB, ARS 8% and ARS 16% at 500 and 1000 mg were reduced OTA spiked solution by (73.2, 82.7); (79.5, 84.03); (66.5, 72.0), and (70.9, 75.8)%, respectively. The total number of contaminated apple juice samples with OTA was 33 out of 150, and 13 of them exceeded the permissible limits of the EU. The reduction of OTA in all contaminated apple juice samples using CMA was 100%, and the treated samples were highly acceptable by the panelists, and there were no significant changes in appearance, color, and flavor. The results of this study could be useful in utilizing broken rice, soybean hulls, and wheat bran; improving their adsorption capacities via chemical modification with acids and delivering highly reactive adsorbents to the food processors to produce safe food and remove OTA from contaminated apple juice.
Highlights
Nowadays, the motivation for the utilizing of the agricultural by-products is of great interest worldwide, due to their value added potentialities and high environmental impact [1,2]
Soybean hulls, and wheat bran have been studied as potential precursors for the adsorption process [3,4,5]
Chemical modification with acids such as acetylation, dehydration, and micronization is considered to be an excellent method to improve the adsorption capacities of these sorbent materials. It provides more active sites, better ion- exchange, and significant adsorbate-adsorbent interaction [6,7,8] Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of 400 types of identified mycotoxins produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium fungi
Summary
The motivation for the utilizing of the agricultural by-products is of great interest worldwide, due to their value added potentialities and high environmental impact [1,2]. Soybean hulls, and wheat bran have been studied as potential precursors for the adsorption process [3,4,5] Adsorbents derived from these byproducts are offering guaranteed advantages, as they are lowcost, renewable and available in large amounts [6], besides their chemical stability and high reactivity [7]. These materials can be used, either directly or after chemical modification, in the adsorption process [3]. Ochratoxin is characterized by widespread occurrence in food and feed It is found in cereals, pulses, dried fruits, cocoa beans, coffee beans, olives, and spices.
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