Abstract
We produced poro-us poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/hydroxyapatite (HA) composite scaffolds for bone regeneration, which can have a tailored macro/micro-porous structure with high mechanical properties and excellent in vitro bioactivity using non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS)-based 3D plotting. This innovative 3D plotting technique can create highly microporous PCL/HA composite filaments by inducing unique phase separation in PCL/HA solutions through the non-solvent-solvent exchange phenomenon. The PCL/HA composite scaffolds produced with various HA contents (0 wt %, 10 wt %, 15 wt %, and 20 wt %) showed that PCL/HA composite struts with highly microporous structures were well constructed in a controlled periodic pattern. Similar levels of overall porosity (~78 vol %) and pore size (~248 µm) were observed for all the PCL/HA composite scaffolds, which would be highly beneficial to bone tissue regeneration. Mechanical properties, such as ultimate tensile strength and compressive yield strength, increased with an increase in HA content. In addition, incorporating bioactive HA particles into the PCL polymer led to remarkable enhancements in in vitro apatite-forming ability.
Highlights
There have been great advances in the design and production of porous scaffolds, with mechanical and biological functions tailored to specific bone defects owing to the use of solid free-form fabrication (SFF) techniques [1,2,3,4,5]
These findings suggest that all of the PCL/HA composite scaffolds have good cytocompatibility in vitro; the incorporation of the bioactive HA particles would be expected to enhance the biocompatibility in vivo when used as scaffolds [30,31]
The morphologies of the attached cells on the macro/micro-porous PCL/HA scaffolds produced with various HA contents (0, 5, 10, and 20 wt %) after 24 h of culture were examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM; C1 PLUS, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan)
Summary
There have been great advances in the design and production of porous scaffolds, with mechanical and biological functions tailored to specific bone defects owing to the use of solid free-form fabrication (SFF) techniques [1,2,3,4,5]. Porous PCL scaffolds with controlled porousporous structures, including selective laserlaser sintering [8,9], 3D produce porous. [17,18], despite despitetheir theirpotential potential more closely mimic the hierarchical architecture of native on theon macroand micro-scales [19,20].[19,20]. In this we produced porousporous compositecomposite scaffolds with a tailored macro/micro-porous structure using non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS)-based plotting, porous structure using non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS)-based 3D plotting, which can which can provide enhanced mechanical properties, cytocompatibility, and bioactivity compared the provide enhanced mechanical properties, cytocompatibility, and bioactivity compared to the to pure pure scaffold.
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