Abstract

Minor ginsenosides, such as compounds (C)-K and C-Y, possess relatively better bioactivity than those of naturally occurring major ginsenosides. Therefore, this study focused on the biotransformation of major ginsenosides into minor ginsenosides using crude β-glucosidase preparation isolated from submerged liquid culture of Fomitella fraxinea (FFEP). FFEP was prepared by ammonium sulfate (30–80%) precipitation from submerged culture of F. fraxinea. FFEP was used to prepare minor ginsenosides from protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenoside (PPDG-F) or total ginsenoside fraction (TG-F). In addition, biotransformation of major ginsenosides into minor ginsenosides as affected by reaction time and pH were investigated by TLC and HPLC analyses, and the metabolites were also identified by UPLC/negative-ESI-Q-TOF-MS analysis. FFEP biotransformed ginsenosides Rb1 and Rc into C-K via the following pathways: Rd → F2 → C-K for Rb1 and both Rd → F2→ C-K and C-Mc1 → C-Mc → C-K for Rc, respectively, while C-Y is formed from Rb2 via C-O. FFEP can be applied to produce minor ginsenosides C-K and C-Y from PPDG-F or TG-F. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report the production of C-K and C-Y from major ginsenosides by basidiomycete F. fraxinea.

Highlights

  • Ginseng has been traditionally applied as an herbal medicine and healthy food for maintenance and restoration of human homeostasis and for enhancement of the immune system, as well as for its adaptogenic and anti-aging properties in East Asian countries, mainly Korea, China and Japan [1,2,3]

  • These results demonstrate that the enzymes from different strains of mushrooms may convert major ginsenosides to minor ginsenosides by their glycoside hydrolases

  • Our preliminary study revealed that FFEP has a potent activity for biotransformation of PPD-type ginsenosides (Rb1, Rc and Rb2)

Read more

Summary

Introduction

Ginseng (root of Panax ginseng Meyer) has been traditionally applied as an herbal medicine and healthy food for maintenance and restoration of human homeostasis and for enhancement of the immune system, as well as for its adaptogenic and anti-aging properties in East Asian countries, mainly Korea, China and Japan [1,2,3]. Recent research results reported that ginseng root and processed ginseng products (especially red ginseng extract) have various biological activities, including enhancement of the immune system; anti-fatigue, antioxidant and anti-aging properties; and improvement of blood circulation and climacteric symptoms with anti-tumor, antidiabetic, neuroprotective and anti-stress effects [4,5,6,7]. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rh2, C-O, C-Y and C-K belong to the PPD-type ginsenosides group, and Re, Rg1, Rg2 and Rh1 are in the PPT-type group [10,11]

Methods
Results
Conclusion
Full Text
Published version (Free)

Talk to us

Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have

Schedule a call